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AMERICAN HUSBANDMEN, 



^nmmwiU'QATmim 



PENNSYLVANIA 



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BY ORDER OF THE DIRECTORS. 



PHILADELPHIA : 

Printed by Clark ^ liaser, 33 Carter's Alhij 
1 827. 



CONTENTS. 



NOTICES ON NEAT CATTLE. 

On the profits and general advantaf^es arising from Improved Breeds of Cattle. 
By Charles Jl. Burnilz, Esq., of Pcnnsyicani.a. 

On the Dairy and Feeding Properties of Improved Short Horns. 
Bij IVUIiam Ehner, JH. D., ofJS'.J. 

On Devon Cattle — On Short Horns for the Dairy and Sliambles — their vigour 
and fitness for labour. By T. Towner, Esq., of Connecticut. 

On the extraordinary pro.duct, early maturity, and value of Improved Short 
Horns. By the Rev. Henry Berry, of Acton Bcrtory, England — His Ex- 
cellency Gov. Lincoln, of Mussuclnisetts — Col. Lloyd, of Maryland — Wil- 
liam Harris, M. D., IVilso7i JerneU, M.D., The Rev. J. H. Kennard, Ro- 
berts Vaux, Henry A. Carpenter, Alexander Reed, and John P. Milnor, 
Esquires, of Pennsylvania. 

On the extraordinary product of one of Mr. Powel's improved Short Horned 
Cows, yielding butter at the rate of 20^ pounds per week. By Reuben 
Haines, Esq., IVm. S. Warder, Recording Secretary of the Philadelphia 
Agricultural Society, and John P. Milnor, Recording Secretary of the Penn- 
sylvania Agricultural Society. 

SHEEP. 

On various breeds — Teeswater, Dishley, and Southdowrn — their characteris- 
tics, form, flesh, and fleece. On early maturity — its importance — value 
not determined by great size. By John Hare Powel, Esq. 

On Southdown Sheep — tlieir properties, hardiness, tendency to become fat — 
the excellence of their fleeces and delicacy and flavour of the mutton. 
By William Phillips, Esq., of Pennsylvania. 

On Southdown Sheep — their fleeces, carcasses, and fine points. By James 
Sykes, Esq., of Maryland. 

On Southdown Sheep — tlieir characteristics, forms, points, properties, and 
vigour — on the quality and close staple of their fleeces. By Mr. Aaron 
Clement, of Pennsylvania. 

CROPS AND MANURES. 

On the ill effects of soiling Cattle — the failure of Salt as Manure — the excel- 
lence of Mangel Wurtzel, as winter food for Live Stock. By Major 
Rudd, of Marton Lodge, England. 

On Woad— its culture, product, and value. By Mr. J. Athcrstone, of Philadel- 
phia County. 

On Guinea Corn — its cultivation, product, and value as food for Cattle. By 
a practical Farmer. 

On Woad— its cultivation in Europe. By John Hare PoidcI, Esq. 

On the failure of European systems of Husbandry in America—Manures, re- 
cent and old — composts, their application and cost. By the same. 



(..ONTKNTS. 

On deep {'loiigliiui; — in slcr-shell lime — the management and application ot 
vegetable and animal luanuros. Bijthesamr. 

On making- Hay — Hay Houses — Pemisylvania Barns — arrangements of the 
Fold Yard. Jiij tin some. 

SUBSTITUTES FOR HAY. 

On Indian Corn, sown broadcast on tallow — its farinaceous product, ajid value 
as long fodder. Hi/ John Hare FoiccL Eaq. 

On Indian Corn, sown broadcast on rye stubble and sward — its product ami 
value. Bij the so inc. 

On Millet — its product and value as fodder — injurious etfects when cut late. 
By the same. 

GRASS LANDS. 

On Orchard Grass or Cocksfoot — cultivation — securing the seeds — quantity 
sown. vtc. — iciusrs of fiiiluri — product and value for pasturage and hay — 
its nutritive qualities and superiority over timothy, both when green and 
dry. By Loijil Jones. Esq., of Feniisylninia. 

On the ill etlects of close feeding at certain seasons — advantageous results of 
repeated experiments in protecting the soil by aJ\er grass — its value and 
use. By John Hare Powel, Esq. 

On Clover — sowing — management, &c. By the same. 

On Substitutes for Red Clover, Lucerne and Saintfoin — management, product 
and value. By the same. 

On Oyhard Grass, Timothy, and Red Top. or Herd's Grass — their compara- 
tive values for pasturage and hay. By the same. 

On Rape — its cultivation and product in seed — its value as green food for Neat 
Cattle and Sheep. By the same. 

On Grasses. From Sinclair's Hortiis Gramineus U'oburnensis. 

ART OF BREEDING. 

On the degeneracy produced by breeding in and in too closely — the advantage- 
ous results of judicious crossing. By Major Rutlil, of Marton Lodge, 
England. 

On Breeding — misapprehension of terms — Mr. Meynel's practice, breeding in 
and in — crossing — selection — objects — elFects — Sebright's Theory, &c. By 
John Hare Foicel, Esq., in reply to .Major Kudd. 

Prize Essay, on the question, whether the male or female parent, have tJic 
most intluence upon the properties or points of the otfspriug. By the Rtr 
Henry Berry, of .-icton Reetory, England. 

On the principles of Improved Breeding. From Sinclair's Code of .-igricuUMre, 
lAindon's Encyclojiedia of .-igriculture. Sir John Sebright's Letter to Sir 
Joseph Banks, and Memoirs of the Fcnnsylcania .dgrieultural Society. 

ROOT CROPS. 

On Mangel Wurtzel — its cultivation, product, and value on Dairy and Breed- 
ing Farms — causes of failure. «!tc. By John Hare Foicel, Esq. 

On growing and securing Root Crops — tlicir appUcation and value. By James 
Uillian>s, Esq., of Ftnnsylrania 

On the Saccharum of the Sweet Potato (Convolvulus Battatas). By Robert 
Hare. M D 



OKJGINAL NOTICES 



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BV PRiVCTIOAI. mXOT. 



On the ill effects of soiling Cattle — the total 
failure of Salt, and the successful application 
of Bone Dust as manure — the excellence of 
Mangel Wurtzel and Cabbages as Winter food 
for live stock — the degeneracy produced by 
breeding in-and-in — tlie advantageous residts 
of judicious Crossing evinced in the Turf horse 
and other breeds. By a Gentleman well known 
in Great Britain as an enlightened agriadturist, 
and successful breeder of Neat Cattle and Sheep. 

Marton Lodge, near Stockton on Tees, 
(England.) 

Dear Sir, — Accept my sincere thanks for 
your polite and friendly letter, and for your in- 
teresting present of the "Memoirs of the Penn- 
sylvania Agricultural Society." I have read 
them with great pleasure; they contain much in- 
formation respecting the state of agriculture in 
the United States, which is botli new and grati- 
fying to me. 1 rejoice that you are animated by 
such zeal and spirit for improvement. If the 
Atlantic did not intervene between us. I would 



'^Breeding in-and-in'' creates Degeneracy/. 

undertake a journey to see you and your impor- 
tant agricultural improvements. I fear, how- 
ever, that we shall never meet. I have desired 
one of my sons, who has a taste for drawing, to 
make a sketcli of one of my cows in her ordi- 
nary condition, when heavy in calf, and giving 
milk, which I now inclose ; and I request you to 
do me the honour to accept it — It will give, you 
a better idea of my stock than any description 
can convey, although my son has scarcely done 
the cow justice in the representation. You 
know that I purchased Mr. Charles Colling's 
BEST cows; and you wWl be able to form some 
opinion from this sketch, whether the Short- 
horns, which have been imported into America, 
are of the best kind. A change of bull is indis- 
pensahhj necessctrij; for "in and in breeding" 
very soon creates degeneracy. 

I am deeply sensible of the liandsome man- 
ner in which you have mentioned my name in 
the "Memoirs," and of the honour you have 
done me by inserting my letter. You request 
me to criticize them, but I do not feel myself 
competent to point out any defects in your sys- 
tem of agriculture; and tlie style of the Memoirs 
merits unqualified praise. The science of agri- 
culture cannot be reduced to any certain and 
fixed principles like other sciences, on account 
of the infinite variety of soils, and the difterence 
of climate. Your summers are mucli hotter and 
drier than ours, and your winters are more se- 
vere. In our summers, the thermometer of 
Fahrenheit seldom rises to eighty in tlie shade, 
and in winter it is seldom much below the 
freezinaj point. Here we cannot grow Indian 



Soiling' — Mangel Wurtzel. 

corn, which is so productive and so valuable. 
Our climate is perhaps iDetter suited to the 
growth of turnips, and our pastures in summer 
are perhaps more verdant and succulent than 
yours, from the greater moisture occasioned by 
our insular situation. 1 have travelled much on 
the Continent of Europe, and on my return I 
have always admired the superior verdure of 
our English pastures. You I'ead much in our 
English publications of the expediency of soiling 
cattle in the house during the whole of the year. 
I do not approve of this practice, for it is surely 
an unnatural one, as air and exercise, and the 
selection of their own food, must benefit cattle, 
as other animals are benefited by them. I can 
say from actual experience of the two systems, 
that cattle thrive much better in the fields during 
the period from the middle of May to the mid- 
dle of November, than they do when confined in 
a house. Soiling cattle is very little practised in 
England. We read in some books, that mangel 
wurtzel is an unwholesome food for cattle, but I 
agree entirely with you that it is a most valua- 
ble and nutritive food. Many of our ablest 
writers on Agriculture have been theoretical 
men, and not good practical farmers — Hence so 
many errors in the books. In the " Memoirs'* 
you have inserted an able letter from Sir Jolin S. 
Sebright, to the late Sir Joseph Banks, on the art 
of breeding domestic animals. Our best breeds 
of horses for the carriage, the road, the chase, 
^c, our cattle, sheep, pigs, and dogs, have all 
derived their improvement {vom judicious cross- 
ing. All the cases of failure have been owing 
alone to injudicious crossing. You know that I 



Manure — Salt useless — Bones excellent. 

liave had long expeinence on these subjects, and 
have been intimately acquainted with our gi-eat 
improvers of cattle, sheep, and horses. 

Many of our writers on agricultural subjects, 
such as Sir John Sinclair, Mr. Curwen, and 
many others, have strongly recommended salt as 
a valuable manure. I have tried the experiment 
myself, and have seen it tried by otliers on va- 
rious soils and in various quantities; but I could 
never perceive the least benefit. As a condi- 
ment for cattle and sheep, it is very beneficial by 
promoting digestion when used in moderate 
quantities. 

I do not observe in the " Memoirs," any men- 
tion of cabbages as a winter food tor neat cattle 
and sheep — Perhaps your climate is not favour- 
able to tlicir growth. Here the large Scotch or 
drum-headed cabbage is a most valuable winter 
food, as it produces a greater weight per acre 
than turnips. It is peculiarly valuable in some 
districts, for it will flourish on strong soils which 
are not proper for turnips. You are so perfectly 
well informed of the state of British agriculture, 
that I do not know a^ hcther I can give you any 
new information, unless it be as to the recent 
use of bones as a manure for turnips, and the use 
in the north of England of the improved ploughs 
made wholly of iron, without any wood what- 
ever. The bones are first ground to powder in 
a mill constructed for that purpose, and in a 
powdered state are sown by the drill along with 
the turnip seed. Vei-y luxuriant crops of tur- 
nips are thus gro>vn without any other manure. 
Bones have become an article of commerce, and 
large quantities are imported fiom various ])ai1s 
of Europe. 



Crops — Woad — Culture — Product — Value. 

I shall always be happy to be honoured by 
your correspondence, and I remam, 
Dear Sir, 
Most respectfully yours, 

Bart'w. Rudd, 

P. S. — You have my enth'e permission to pul) 
lish this letter. 

To John Hare Powel, Esq., Powelton, {U. S.) 



Philadelphia County, Feb. 1, 182r. 
John Hare Powel, Esq. 

Sir, — I cultivated some acres of woad in the 
State of Ohio, which I cut six times during the 
season; it produced about 30 cwt. to the acre, 
for which I received, when brought to market, 
12i cents per pound, equal to S420 per acre. 

I have been accustomed to its cultivation in 
England, where I used it for tliirty years, as a 
manufacturer. The soil of America is quite as 
well adapted, and the climate of the middle, 
southern and western states, is better suited to 
its growth, than that of Great Britain. The co- 
louring matter was nuich stronger — the plant 
was more vigorous and I'apid in its gro\^ th, and 
its product was larger than that to whicli I liave 
Ijcen accustomed in Great Britain. 

It prefers a deep, rich, and light alluvial soil 
— its tap root extends a considerable distance 
below the surface. Fine tilth is necessary, but 
it may, like Indian corn, be grown upon a sward 
reversed. I have found it a better practice to 
sow the seeds in beds, late in the Autumn, or 
early in the Spring, if the climate be severe in 



Crops — Woad — Management, ipc. 

winter. When the plants have tap roots about 
four inclies long, they sliould be set out, at the 
distance of 8 to 10 inclies in rows — sufficiently 
wide apail to admit either a horse and cultlva- 
toi', or a ten incli hoe, as the husbandman shall 
determine, to keep them free from weeds. 
When tlie leaves are about 9 inches long, but 
always before tlieir colour begins to change in 
any part, tliey must be cut as spinacli with a 
knife — placed in baskets, and carried into a barn, 
w lie re they must be chopped fortliwith, by 
means of a chatf cutter, or similar instrument, 
into pieces of about a quarter of an inch. 

So soon as they have been thus prepared, they 
must be bruised by a roller or bark mill, before 
they shall have suffered from heating, wliich a 
very few hours would cause. Tlie bruised mat- 
ter must be rolled by the hand into balls of two 
or three inches diameter, according to the heat 
of the weather. Care must be taken to expose 
it to the free operation of air, whilst protected 
from moisture. When dry, it may be stored in i 

heaps. 

The subsequent crops may be twisted off, 
without the use of the knife, as the roots at the 
latter stages of their growtli-are sufficiently strong 
to resist the necessary force to remove the 
leaves. It may be sown broadcast, but from the 
extreme lightness of the seeds, great difficulty is 
found in distributing them equally. In this 
mode, of consequence, bare patches disfigure the 
field, and materially affect the amount of its pro- 
duct. The question whether the broadcast or 
drill system should be employed, must be deter- 
mined by the relative vahie of labour and land. 



Crops — Guinea Corn— Product. 

I shall be very glad to communicate with any 
gentleman on its cultivation, as its importance to 
manufactures makes it an object of great interest 
at this time in America. 

One bushel of seeds, if sown in drills, is suffi- 
cient for five acres — if sown broadcast, for one 
acre. It is to be observed, that the woad must 
undergo the process of couching^ before it is fit- 
ted for the manufacturer. 

J. Atherstone. 



On Guinea Corn — its cultivation, great product^ 
and value as food for Cattle. By a Practical 
Farmer. 

Guinea Corn has been found a valuable crop 
in South Carolina. It is believed that the cli- 
mate of the eastern parts of Pennsylvania is well 
adapted to its gi'owth. Its product on very rich 
land is said to exceed an hundred bushels per 
acre — its weight is greater than that of wheat — 
its farinaceous matter is exceedingly nutritious — 
its stalks and leaves are useful as food for cat- 
tle. Light alluvion is considered the best soil 
for its growth. It should be planted and culti- 
vated in lows, as Indian corn. In July the heads 
appear — in August a part of them become ripe — 
in the course of September, the principal part of 
the crop is matured. 

The portions wiiich have become mature, are 
harvested in succession by cutting the stems. 
They are carried in baskets to a convenient po- 
sition at the end of the rows — thence to a pro- 
per house or barn, where they are stirred occa- 



f)n f'Foad — i/s Culture. 

sionuUy until tliey have become so dry as to be 
secured against fermentation. An half peck of 
seeds is sufficient for an acre, if it should be pre- 
ferred to drill them as turnips. In the early 
stages of its growtli, it appears feeble. After it 
has arrived at the height of two or three feet it 
grows vigorously, and becomes hardy as hidian 
corn. 

The success of the crop depends much upon 
the fertility and preparation of the soil — upon 
frequent and light stirrings, and proper quanti- 
ties of manure for tlie support of the plant. 

A Farmer. 



On Woad — its culture in Europe. 

Woad is a biennial plant usually cultivated 
on the Continent of Europe, on liglit soils, 
reduced to line tilth, and manured in the pre- 
ceding autumn. The seeds are sown in March 
or April, generally broadcast, and are harrowed 
and rolled as those of grass. Great attention is 
given to free the land from weeds in previous 
seasons, and to carefully destroy them as they 
appear during its growth. Tlic leaves are ga- 
thered from June till September in the lh*st year, 
and from June till August in the next, v/hen the 
plant puts forth its flower stems. 

Tlic process hy which woad is converted into 
the state fitted lor the manufacturer, requires 
much experience and minute attention. 

I have the honour to be, ^x. 

John Hare Powel. 

Feb. 1, 182r. 
To the President of the Pennsylvania Agricultural Society. 



Substitutes for Hay. 



On substitutes for Hay — Indian Corn sown broad- 
cast on Fallow — its farinaceous product^ and 
value as long fodder. 

By John Hake Powel, Esq. 

Powelton, Feb. 1, 1827, 

The drought of the last Spring so much di- 
minished the crops of hay, tliat various substi- 
tutes were suggested for long fodder. A field 
was ploughed early in June — part was manured 
with ashes — part with rotten horse dung — pait 
with bones broken and strewed, at the rate of 250 
bushels per acre — the ashes at the rate of 200 — 
the horse dung in quantities equal to 350 Ijushels 
per acre. 

Upon one acre of the field, three bushels of 
Indian corn, and a bushel of millet seeds, were 
sown together — the land was heavily harrowed 
and rolled. As the millet seeds were bad, and 
the Indian corn had been a long time thrashed, 
twice the quantity was sown, which it was sup- 
posed would vegetate. The millet seeds princi- 
pally failed — Not more than a third of the com 
appeared above the ground. 

Upon adjoining portions of the field, ruta baga, 
yellow Scotch, and flat red top turnip seeds were 
sown witli Bennett's trough, at the rate of five 
pounds per acre. 

Tlie turnip seeds were lightly harrowed and 
rolled — the portions of the field so occupied, 
were in a state of as higli cidtivation as a garden. 
When the leaves were about an inch and an half 
long, all the turnips were lianowed with a light 
seed haiTow. For some Umii they appeared 



Substiiutes/or Hay — Indian Corn broadcast. 

feeble, but they revived in forty-eight hours, 
and grew more hixiiriautly than I had hoped. 

I caused a hue to be stretched akmg tlic field, 
by which a man \a as enabled to scuille rapidly, 
a space equal to twelve inches, as he advanced 
in a strmght direction. The line was removed 
until ro^^ s 6 inches wide were made in succession, 
throughout tlie Held, leaving the j)lants as if they 
Iiad been regularly drilled, thus diminishing tlie 
expense of hoeing, which, by American labour- 
ers, is little understood. 

It will be obviously remarked, tliey might 
have been drilled by a regular machine. I had 
so often been disappohitcd hi growing tm-nips in 
drills, from the iailure of the plants, tliat I was 
determined to secure the crop if practicable, at 
tJie expense of the larger quantity of seed. The 
plants were subsequently thinned. 

The ruta baga yielded at the rate of about 400 
bushels per acre — neitlier tlie yellow Scotch tur- 
nips nor white turnips \^ere ^vortli gathering. 
The hidian corn, although intended to be taken 
whilst green for long fodder, ^^'as allowed to be- 
come mature, as it promised to produce much 
grain. It was cut close to tlie ground, and 
bound in the usual mode in smidl stacks. It 
yielded thirty bushels of corn — a very large quan- 
tity of long fodder, ^^ hich was estimated at tlie 
time, and has since, by the number of cattle 
which it has supported, been considered equal 
to two and an half tons of hay. No labour was 
applied to the Indian corn after it was rolled, 
until it was gatliered. 

These experiments w ith Indian corn, Swedish 
turnips, yellow Scotch and \^ liite turnips, have 



Substitutes for Hay — Indian Corn broadcast. 

confirmed the opinions I liave held, that tur- 
nips are not profitable in an Indian corn coun- 
try, except with particular objects — more espe- 
cially, as in this cUmate mangel wiirtzel supply, 
at much less cost, the purposes which they are 
intended to meet. 

I have the honour to be, ^c. 

John Hare Powel. 

To the President of the Pennsylvania Jigricultural Society. 



On substitutes fen" Hay — Indian Coim sown 
broadcast on Rye stubble and sward — its 
product and value. 

By John Hare Powel, Esq. 

Powelton, Feb. 1, 1827. 

After a rye crop had been taken, the richest 
part of the field was ploughed — yellow Scotch 
and white turnip seeds were sown witli Ben- 
nett's trough, and wei'e managed as before. 

One acre of the same field was at the same 
time ploughed — four bushels of Indian corn were 
sown and ploughed under, with a- very shallow 
furrow — an adjoining acre, which had not been 
previously ploughed, was sown with the same 
quantity of the same com, wliich was in the same 
manner ploughed under with the stubble — it was 
all han^owed and rolled. The land had been 
limed five years since, and was in fine tilth. The 
turnips failed entirely — the corn vegetated regu- 
larly — covered the ground thickly, and put out 
tassels when five feet high. It was mown \^hen 
in full blossom — treated exactly as hay; but from 
the succulence of the stalks, it required much 



Substitutes for Hay — Indian Corn broadcast. 

more time and attention, before it could be 
housed. 

I found my cattle to-day contending for it ea- 
gerly, wiien portions of it were thrown before 
them in the midst of the most fragrant clover 
hay. TJie quantity was estimated at two tons 
per acre. 

Upon another field,whicli, after having been fif- 
teen years in common, was manured with oyster- 
shell lime at the rate of an hundred bushels per 
acre, I caused six bushels of corn to be sown 
immediately after the sward and lime had been 
reversed. The land was harrowed closely, and 
heavily rolled — the crop was mown and managed 
as tliat of the last field — its product was esti- 
mated at two tons and an half per acre. 

In another pait of the same field, manure 
taken /r<?sA from the stable, was spread upon 
sward which had been limed as in the last in- 
stance. About three bushels of Indian corn were 
sown on the dung, and were ploughed under 
with the sward, wliich was after harrowed and 
rolled. Fewer seeds were used, as it was sup- 
posed the manure w ould cause most of them to 
vegetate vigorously. 

This piece of land, althougli much shaded by 
a close row of trees on its southern boundary, 
produced more abundantly than the last. It was 
cut and managed as before. I am incUned to 
believe from the results of all these experiments, 
tliat four bushels of corn in that state of sound- 
ness, in which it is usually found after having 
been thrashed some months, is the proper quan- 
tity, or that three bushels from selected ears, 
would ])e sufficient. It must be observed, tliat 



Millet — 27.9 value as long Fodder. 

the latter part of the season was unusually la 
vourable to the growth of Indian corn. 

I have the honour to be, ^c. 

John Hare Powel. 

To the President of the Pennsylvania Jlgricidtural Society. 



On substitutes for Hay — Millet^ its value as long 
fodder — its injurious effects when cut late. 

By John Hare Powel, Esq. 

Powelton, Feb. 1, 1827. 

Notwithstanding the success in the experi- 
ments \^ ith Indian corn, I should prefer millet as 
a substitute for hay, and I should have last year 
employed it, if I could have procured seeds of 
good quality. I have obtained, in various sea- 
sons, three tons of millet per acre — and in one, 
much more than that quantity, so far as it could 
be estimated by weighing one load, and keeping 
an accurate account of the rest of equal size. 

I cultivated thirty acres of millet in 1823, and 
I should cultivate an equal quantity again, to sup- 
ply the deficiencies occasioned by the failure of 
the young grass, of the preceding year. 

I am not disposed to consider it a substitute 
for Indian corn as a farinaceous crop, for obvious 
reasons, which I have explained at length. Mr. 
Dupont, of Delaware, has cultivated it extensive- 
ly, and continues to entertain the highest opinion 
of its value. I am not aware of any evil attend- 
ing its use as long fodder, except when it has 
been allowed to become ripe ; some danger is 
then to be apprehended to neat cattle, from swal- 
lowing the graui unbroken, which, adhering 



Reynedies for injudicious Feeding. 

closely in the stomaclu eannot be ejected for 
the purpose oi rumination — in one instance I 
have known it to cause death. Similar eiVects 
are sometimes produced by tceding cattle upon 
Indian meal, 'without mixture with cut hay 
or stra^\. The animal having; been tied in a 
stall, and tempted to consume as nuich as possi- 
ble — the system is made slua:gish by the want of 
exercise — tlie stomach loaded with fat. becomes 
unable to perform its office — the indigestible 
meal coheres, causes sometimes apoplexy, and 
always injury to the beast. 

Graziei"s, feedei-s, and daily farmers, have va- 
rious appellations for the diseases, with which 
their animals are assailed; and if tlic nostrums 
and hard names which cattle doctors have given 
in English books were to be regai'ded, tlie mala- 
dies of neat cattle might be considered almost as 
numerous as tliose of our own race — whereas in 
tact they are verv few. exhibitiuii; in cUtlerent 
stages vaiious symptoms, in most cases to be as- 
cribed to sudden changes of temperature — to bad 
management — to external injuries and excess, or 
deliciency in the supply of food. Free circula- 
tion of air — due proportions of succulent and dry 
food — regular exercise, with protection merely 
froui ict'f, are the best preventives — copious 
bleeding — large and repeated doses of Glauber 
salts in molasses and warm T^ater, followed by 
castor oil and sulphur, are generally the best 
remedies for disease. 

1 liave the honour to be, ^'c. 

John Hare Powel, 

To the Piysident of Ihe Pennsylvania Jio^ricultural Society, 



Manures — Recent the most effective. 



European practices inapplicable in America — on 
Manures^ recent and old — Composts^ their ap- 
plication and cost. 

By John Hare Powel, Esq. 

Powelton, Feb. 1, 1827. 

I have long contended that British practices 
or European systems of husbandry, can seldom 
be proiitably applied upon American farms. In 
no instance, I am led to apprehend, is this re- 
mark more just, tlian in the preparation and use 
of animal manures. Compost heaps, and the 
various compounds which have been suggested in 
Europe as substitutes for the common otfal, with 
which most well regulated American farms may 
be brought to abound, I conceive it unwise to 
employ, in a country where the relative prices 
of labour and land are in ratios, inverse to those 
which have given rise to expedients, incompati- 
ble with our circumstances, and ruinous in a 
climate marked by the extremes of heat and 
cold. 

It has been alleged, that where old grass lands 
require top dressing, composts become the most 
effective and cheapest manures. I am prepared 
to admit, that a compost heap whicli can be ob- 
tained without much labour or expense mils pre- 
paration^ should always be regarded as an im- 
portant item in the economy of the farm. The 
commixture of earth, animal matter, green 
weeds, or other vegetables, should never be ne- 
glected, provided tliey be at hand — but I am as- 
sured they should not be " manufactured'' by re- 



Alanures — ExperiineJits. 

peatcd moving, but should be left to the opera- 
tion of heat and moisture, until tliey can be em- 
ployed, and if practicable, be incorporated inti- 
mately with the soil. 

Recent animal manures I have always consi- 
dered the most eifective and the most lasting, 
whether they be applied to the surface, or be 
turned under by tlie plough. 

Parts of my grass lands have been, during se- 
veral years, subjected to a variety of experi- 
ments, whicli have confirmed the opinions I ad- 
vance. In March, 1824, 1 caused " long dung'' 
to be spread upon a field of fifteen acres, adjoin- 
ing one of the same extent, upon which equal 
quantities of rotten manure had, early in the Au- 
tumn, been strewed. The field was harrowed — 
the long straw was collected by an horse rake — 
was returned to the barn yard early in May, and 
placed in tlie l)ottom of a deep trench, where it 
was saturated with the water escaping from the 
stables and dung heaps on tlie margin of the 
fold. The land upon which the recent dung 
had 1)ecn spread, produced certainly mucli the 
larger crop of grass. In 1825, similar experi- 
ments were made by putting rotten manure in 
the Autumn, and fresli manure in the Spring, 
upon c(|ual parts of tlie field, to which the rotten 
manure alone had l)een applied in tlie Autumn of 
1823 — similar results were obtained. 

In the last year tlie same experiment was tried 
by covering portions of the other field with old 
maiuu'e in the Autumn, and a pait with long 
dung in the Spring— the results were as they liad 
been before. 



Meadow Land — Management. 

The straw having been soaked and bleached 
by exposure, was loosened by the harrow — col- 
lected by an horse rake, and after was used 
throughout the summer, as litter for bulls, which 
are necessarily confined upon a breecUng farm. 

The crop of grass, in despite of the extraordi- 
nary drought, much exceeded any which I have 
ever had from the same land. ' 

I have the honour to be, ^c. 

John Hare Powel. 

To the President of the Pennsylvania Agricultural Society. 



On Meadoxv Lands — /// effects of close feeding at 
certain seasons — Mvantageous results of re- 
peated experiments in protecting the soil by 
after grass — Its value and use. 

By John Hare Powel, Esq. 

Powelton, Feb. 1, 1827. 

Long experience in the management of allu- 
vial meadow had induced me to believe that 
the injuries apparent after a succession of hay 
crops, proceed not so much from the effects of 
the scythe, as from the continued and close feed- 
ing, which has generally been practised in this 
county by tenants who occupy much the larger 
portion of the marsh land. 

It was supposed, that the extreme heat and 
drought, which generally succeed the season, at 
which the first crop is taken, are particularly in- 
jurious to grasses upon such soils. 

I caused a grazing farm of nearly an hundred 



Gntss Litnds — Seeds — Quaniiii/ — Suwing. 

acres of alluvion, w Inch luid been subjected to 
every evil whicli the cupidity of the tenant could 
produce, to be mown for liay, at the time when 
the grass Mas in full bloom. No animal was al- 
lowed to feed upon it until the latter part of Oc- 
tober, when its luxuriant pasturage aftbrded a 
larger return than I could have obtained, had the 
usual system been observed, in depasturing it 
throughout the term of tlie greatest heat. 

In the succeeding year, the same practice was 
observed with similar success. The land was 
evidently improved, and has since commanded 
higher rent, althougli the price of meadow land 
has not generally increased. 

I have the honour to be, ^t. 

John Hare Powel. 

To the. President of the Fentisylvania ^igricultiiral Society. 



On Gruiis La/uls — Cluvcr — Sowing, &'c. 

By John Hare Powel, Esq. 

Powelton, Feb. 1, 1827. 

it is admitted, that in our climate, one of the 
most difficult items of the husbandman's art, is 
the successful ''lai/ing down'' of grass lands. 
Whhout adverting to the necessity of fine tilth — 
the fit state of tlie soil, and proper selection of 
seeds, 1 A\ould suggest that not more than 
half of the proper quantity, whether of clover, 
orchard grass, timotliy. or herd's grass, is usually 
sown upon American farms. 

In England, where clover is less injured by 
drought in the early seasons of its growth — by 



Grass' Landa — Seeds — large quantity — advantages. 

heat when the crop is removed — or by the ef- 
fects of frost, succeeded by sudden thaws in the 
Winter and Spring, a peck of clover, mixed 
with a proportionate quantity of other grass 
seeds, is usually sown upon an acre of land. 

In this climate I have found three half pecks 
of clover seeds, when combined even with two 
bushels of orchard grass seeds, in no instance 
too much for one acre of land. 

Light liarrowing, and rolling of the grain crop, 
if the -weather and soil be in a proper state, im- 
mediately after the grass seeds are sown, I have 
always considered the best mode of securing 
their vegetation, as well as the best means of 
improving the grain. 

It has often been recommended to haiTow in 
August ^vith a heavy brake, and to so^v again 
those parts of the field which appear bare of 
grass after the crop of grain has been removed. 
I have never succeeded in the attempt, except 
when small quantities of manure were soon after 
scattered over the parts, which had been so 
treated, and in such cases I have never failed. 

I am inclined to belies e, that autumnal top- 
dressing, with long manure^ may with gi'eat pro- 
fit be applied to protect the young clover ^ espe- 
cially if the improvident husbandman has al- 
lowed it to be fed closely, by horses or sheep. 

In addition to the great advantage arising from 
the stalks of the hay being finer and more valua- 
ble as food, an important object is attained by 
using abundant supplies of seed in our climate. 
The land being more closely covered with the 
larger quantity of plants, is not so much exposed 



G7'afises — Clover — Substitutes. 

immediately after the crop has been taken, and 
of consequence is less exhausted during the sea- 
son of greatest lieat, by tlie rays of the sun. 
I have the honour to be, ^c. 

John Hare Powel. 

To the President of the Pennsylvania Jigricidtural Society 



On Grasses — Substitutes for Red Clover — Lii- 
cerne — Saintfoin. 

By John Hare Powel, Esq. 

Powelton, Feb. 1, 1827. 

We have long sought a substitute for red clo- 
ver, and notwithstanding tiie efforts which have 
been made for the introduction of Lucerne and 
rye grass, I am disposed to think that the agii- 
culturists of America have been generally inat- 
tentive to this important subject, involving both 
the support of our live stock, and to a great ex- 
tent, the manure for our iields. Lucerne re- 
quires more labour and accuracy of tillage than 
most farmers in this state have either the means 
or the disposition to apply. Its principal use is 
in soiling, whicli no husbandman in Pennsylva- 
nia, notwithstanding all that has been written or 
said, has ever systematically pursued throughout 
a succession of years. 

Rye grass has not succeeded in the few in- 
stances in which I have known it tried. 

Saintfoin has been neglected, most probably, 
in consequence of the failures proceeding IVom 
the age of the seeds — they seldom vegetate when 



Clover — Substitutes — Saintfoin. 

more than a year old, and hence fail when they 
have reached us in the common course with 
dealers' supphes. 

It is found in various parts of Europe — in Ger- 
many — Switzerland — England and France. It 
is considered one of the most valuable soils of 
herbage which can be cultivated on dry soils. 
Its long root insinuates itself to a great depth in 
gravelly and rocky lands. Its stems and abun- 
dant leaves afford succulent pasturage, as well as 
excellent hay. Deep calcareous soils arc pre- 
ferred for its growth. If the ground be prepared 
by very deep ploughing and proper cleansing crops, 
the product is unusually great. 

Its hardiness in resisting the effects of frost and 
drought, would render it peculiarly useful in 
American husbandry. It should be sown as 
early as practicable in the Spring, with half the 
usual quantity of l^arley or oats. Four bushels 
are the proper quantity of seeds for an acre. 
Their quality may l^e known by the brightness of 
the capsules, the fulness of the kernels, and by 
their colour, which should be blue-grey or yel- 
lowish-red. As the seeds are large, and are en- 
veloped by thick capsules, they must be covered 
at greater depth,- and with more than usual care. 
The roller should be applied, if the soil and 
weather be in proper state. 

The price in England is from five to six shil- 
lings sterhng per bushel. Saintfoin is managed 
as clover, to which it is equal in nutrition and 
product. It affords valuable after grass, which, 
it is to be lamented, our husbandmen too much 
disregard as the means of saving foddei% and 



Grassp./i — Cocksfoot — Managem^it. 

keeping their breeding ewes until the season of 
greatest trial, on the approach of the Spring. 

This valuable plant continues during nine or 
ten years in the soil. My attempts to culti- 
vate it have not been successful, as all the seeds 
which I had procured were old and did not grow. 
I abandoned Lucerne, as it required more laboiu- 
tlian 1 was disposed to apply. 

I have the honour to be, ^c. 

John Hare Powel. 

To the Tresident of the Pennsylvania Agricultural Society. 



On Orchard Grass — Manner of cultivation — se- 
curing the seeds — Qiiantity sown — Season and 
mode — Causes of failure — Product and value 
for pasturage and hay — its nutritive qualities^ 
a?ul superiority over timothy, both when green 
and dry. 

By liOYD Jo.VES, Esf). 

Montgomery County, (Pennsylvnnia.) 
February 5tli, 1827. 

Dear Sir, — I have cultivated orchard grass 
for live and twenty years. My crops failed from 
the bad quality of the seeds, until they were se- 
ciu^ed by myself. When they are in the state 
at which they can be shaken from the heads, the 
stems arc cut by a skilful cradler just above the 
tops of tlie under grass. After some practice, 
he is enabled to catch ^^ ith liis left hand the por- 
tions taken by the cradle, and to place them re- 
gularly as he advances. They are immediately 
bound in sheaves large as a man's leg. Double 



Cocksfoot — Seeds — Quantily. 

swarths are afterwards mown with a naked 
scythe to reniove the under grass, and leave at 
proper distances throughout the field, openings 
upon wliich the sheaves are shocked. They re- 
main in tliis state from eight to ten days, until 
sufficiently dry to be carried to the barn, where 
they are forthwith thrashed to guard against heat- 
ing, the great source of injury to the seeds of 
this valuable crop. The usual manner of se- 
curing them, by putting tlie sheaves into the 
mow, is, I am satisfied, the most effectual mode 
to destroy the principle of vegetation, as they 
can rarely be so treated, 's^ithout being mow- 
burned. 

After having been thrashed, they shoidd be 
strewed upon the barn floor — occasionally stirred 
if the quantity be large, during eight or ten days, 
luitil they are perfectly dry — without this pre- 
caution they woidd inevitably be heated. 

The under grass should all be mown for liay, 
as soon as possible, after the seeds have been 
harvested. If it be allowed to stand but for a 
few days, it loses its nutritive properties — in fact 
dies, after having lost the heads. The hay thus 
made, and properly secured, although necessa- 
rily harsh from having been allowed to pass the 
stage of its growth when most succulent and nu- 
tritious, I have found good fodder, for both horses 
and neat cattle. 

The product of seeds varies from ten to twen- 
ty bushels per acre. I have had in a very fa- 
vourable season, twenty bushels upon land which 
would not have afforded, I think, ten of wheat. 
The product of this, as of all crops, depends 
much, of course, upon the season, and the pre- 



Grasses — Timothy ^ ^-c. 

paratioii of the land. The crop to \\\\\d\ 1 ad- 
vert, was purposely grown upon a poor soil, to 
show the excellence of the plant, and the fallacy 
of the assertion, that it required very rich land. 

I sow from eight to ten quarts of clover seeds, 
and a bushel of orchard grass seeds per acre in 
February, upon wheat or lye land. I should 
prefer their being sown with oats or barley, as 
the seeds could be covered more regularly with 
the harrow, and their vegetation would be se- 
cured. I do not apprehend injury from frost in 
early sowing, but I dread the effects of drought 
from late. I have never suffered from early, 
but liave generally had cause to regret the evils 
of late sowing. 

I consider orchard grass the best herbage for 
pasturage upon upland — for hay it certainly can- 
not be excelled. 

I cultivated timothy for many years. As pas- 
turage it. is utterly worthless after the first of 
July, upon upland. Timothy hay is valualile for 
turf horses, and those used in quick draught — 
but for the purposes of farmers, I think it should 
not be raised. I have long since discontinued 
its growth. It is a great exhauster, and should 
never be cultivated, unless it can be carted to 
market, and be replaced by large supplies of ma- 
nure. 

I am, very obediently, ^c. 
Yours, 

LoYD Jones. 
John Hare Powel, Esq., 

Powelton. 



On Grasses — Orchard or Cocksfoot — Timothy 
and Red-Top^ or Herds-grass — their compara- 
tive values for Pasturage and Hay. 

By John Haue Powel, Esq. 

Povvelton, February 10, 1827. 

Ill presenting Mr. Jones' communication, it is 
not necessary that I should advert to his accuracy 
and reputation as a farmer, with which you are 
sufficiently acquainted, to receive his opinions 
and statements, with implicit reliance upon their 
validity and force. He is tlie most successful 
cultivator of orchard grass, with whose practice 
I have become acquainted in any part of the 
United States. 

As he has detailed his mode of securing the 
seeds, I may be allowed to state, that 1 have for 
several years induced him to send large quanti- 
ties of them to my agricultural friends, whose 
experience, in confirmation of my impressions, 
that when properly treated they seldom fail, es- 
tablishes the correctness of his management in 
collecting them. 

I have before brought to your notice the ex- 
traordinary product of cocksfoot or orchard 
grass as pasturage upon strong soils — its early 
appearance in the Spring — its vigorous and rapid 
growth throughout tlic Sunnner and Autumn, 
affording even in December, the most succulent 
and nutritive herbage I have in tliis climate seen. 

Of timothy as pasturage, I have had during 
twenty years, opinions similar to those conveyed 
by Mr. Jones. 

On highly manured, or deep alluvial soils, 
it produces greater crops of bay, than any 



Grasses — Timothy — Herds-grass — their products, SfC. 

grass I have grown, except red clover. Mr. 
Welles, of Boston, a few years since obtained 
four tons of timothy hay per acre, from a large 
field. His well known precision, independent of 
the ample proofs he adduced, sufficiently esta- 
blishes the fact. When allowed to become ma- 
ture^ I tliink it causes as much exhaustion as a 
crop of Spring baiiey or oats. And so far from 
land becoming better, whilst exposed to the ef- 
fects of the scythe, and tlie rays of the sun in a 
regular course, wherein timothy is introduced as 
the meliorating crop, I am led to believe that it 
is made worse. If timothy be depastured after 
the first crop has been taken, I apprehend that, 
as its after growth is extremely feeble, in this 
climate, the sun must have great efl'ect upon the 
soil, throughout the hottest season of the year. 

Red-top or herds-grass has recently been 
brought more into notice, and it will, I have no 
doubt, be extensively cultivated, when it shall 
have been better kno^^■n. We see it general- 
ly upon tlie ill reclaimed marsh lands of an 
adjacent state, where perhaps its extraorcUnary 
hardiness and large product, even under the 
most slovenly management, may have retarded 
to a certain extent, the improvement of tlie dis- 
trict in which it is principally grown. It will 
flourish where no other grass, which %ve cidti- 
vate, can live. Its apparent qualities, and the 
quantity of nutritive matter, are no doubt very 
much influenced by the state of the land upon 
which it is produced; lience ^^hen offered in the 
market in competition with the produce of the 
most highhj cultivated upland — it is condemn- 
ed. The seeds of this grass, as those of cocks- 
foot, are rai'cly brought to the shops in a sound 



Vt^asses — Herds-gt'ass — i/s tough and close Sivard. 

state — they, as tlie former, are surrounded by 
chaff, which, if closely examined, will be found 
frequently to envelope shrivelled kernels, and to 
be infested with some of the most noxious weeds 
with which a farmer can contend. 

Upon a small piece of land which had been 
occupied by Swedish turnips, and had been care- 
Hilly tilled for many seasons in succession, two 
bushels of herds-grass seeds per acre, in addi- 
tion to the usual quantity of clover and timothy 
seeds, were sown with Persian barley in tlie 
Spring of 1820. A much larger piece was sown 
at the same time, with timothy alone. The ti- 
mothy soon disappeared from both — the clover 
of course long since went out — the herds- 
grass has formed a tough and valuable sward. 

Upon arable farms it is sometimes trouble- 
some, as it is tenacious of life as blue grass. Its 
product is not generally heavy upon such lands, 
and I should not therefore cultivate it with a re- 
gular course of white crops, although upon a 
grazing farm, or upon some large southern do- 
mains, where it would be well that the landhold- 
ers should forget half their possessions, it might 
be expedient to cultivate it largely, and obviate 
the necessity of indulging the fatting bullocks 
with a regular ramble for the solace of their sto- 
machs, throughout some hundred acres of grow- 
ing Indian corn. The herds-grass has the great 
merit of being able to take care of itself 

I have the Iionour to be, ^c. 

John Hare Powel. 

To the President of the Pennsi/lvcmla Agricultural Society. 



S®H'^IL.Al£m^«> 



HORTUS ORAINIINEUS WOBURNENSIS 



EXTRACTS. 

On Grasses — Orchard — Kt/e — Clover — Sainfoin, t^'i*. — their pro- 
duct!:, comparative values, constituent parts, modes o/ sowings 
mnna^ins: — quant it y, qualitii of Seeds, and adaptation to jmr- 
ticular Soils. 

In some plants tlierc is a comparative excess of saline matter, and when 
such plants are given unmixed with any other to cattle, they are most subject 
to disease, or continue tor a lencjth of time before they improve, however 
abundant the supply. The followmg facts, which came within my own im- 
mediate observalion, may serve as an instance to point out the importance of 
a mixture of such grasses as possess some difference in the qualities of their 
nutritive matter ; and at the same time they will show, tJiJit the bitter extrac- 
tive is efficacious in correcting the over-s\icculency, or laxative nature of 
green tood. without tiie aid of ilnj vegetable tibre. 

Two fields were sown down for pasture ; one with white clover and trefoil 
only, and the otlier witJi a variety of tlie natural grasses, for experiment, with 
a portion of white clover. The two fields were depastured with sheep. In 
the enclosure of white clover a considerable quantity of cocksfoot grass grew 
on the edge of the fence, it was of a very harsh quality, trom its unfavourable 
situation, and consisted almost entirely of cvilms. In a few days the sheep 
went to this grass, and ate it down entirely, though there was a profusion of 
the white clover. In the course of time many of the sheep became affected 
with the disease termed rui-icatcr, of which several died. But in the adjoin- 
ing field, which contained the natural grasses, cocksfoot grass, rougii-stalked 
meadow grass, rye-grass, fo.xtail-grass, and white clover, the sheep were not 
affected with that, nor any other disease, and they letl untouched the stems 
of the cocksfoot, which were here of a more tender succulent nature, than 
those on the edges of tlie otlier field, which were so greedily devoured by the 
clover sheep. 

It may remain only to observe, that if the hard stalks of the cock's-foot in 
the clover field had been in sutlicient quantity, they would most probably have 
prevented the disease tVom attacking the sheep; but this could not have been 
by virtue of the dnj jihrc only of llie culms, because in the adjoining field, 
where every thing was contrary to disease, the sheep rejected the culms alto- 
gether. The dry. or mechanical action of the culms, was here wanting; yet 
the animals continued healthy, and fattened, because the bitter extractive 
was in greater proportion in the leaves or herbage than in the culms which 
they rejected ; ami also proved beneficial, though combined with succulent 
food, which could have nothing of the action of the dry hay or straw before 
mentioned. «-<'.**»-.*»»i. 

The proportion,'il value which the grass at the time of flowering bears to 
that at the time the seed is ripe, is as 11 to 10: and to the grass of the latter- 
math, as 5 to '.2. 

There has ot"^en been occasion to observe, that though grass, when left till 
the seed be ripe, may alVord a greater quantity of nutritive matter, neverthe- 
less the value of the latter-math which is lost by this means is often greater 
than the extra quantity of nutritive matter thus obtained ; .add to tliis the im- 
poverishing effects of the plants on the soil by the process of ripenincr the 
seed, and t^io less palatable nature of the hay. The pl.ants of crass are like- 
wise much weakened by the production of seed, for in all the experiments I 
have m.ide the produce of latter-math proved always less, in many instances 
one-half less, in a given time after the seed crop, than at\er the crop taken at 
the time of flowering; 1 never could perceive, however, that the bnd effects 



Grasses — liye — Cocksfoot, 8fc. — their comparative values. 

extended in any degree to the next following season, the weight of produce 
being then as frequently superior as equal or less. 

Hye-irraHS appears to Iiave been cultivated previous to the year 1G77; be- 
sides which, red clover, sainfoin, spurrey, trefoil, and nonsuch, were the only 
plants then cultivated a« grasses, or termed such. And it is only of late years 
that any other species of the natural grasses has been tried as a substitute for 
it in forming artificial pastures — as cat's-tail grass ( Pfdeum j/raUnnc) ; cocks- 
foot grass (Dactylis gLomerata) ; and fox-tail grass {Jlltrpecaruis pralensis). 
The cat's-tail grass appears to have been made trial of before cither of the 
other two, not more than fifty years ago, by Mr. Rocque, a farmer at VValham- 
green, near London. The seed of the cocksfoot grass was introduced about 
the same time from Virginia, by the Society of Arts, <fec., but no trial was 
made of it till several years afterwards: it was then called orchard-grass; and 
it is but lately that the fox-tail grass has been tried on an extensive scale — 
the merits of which seem to have been first accurately pointed out by the late 
excellent Mr. Curtis in his several works on grasses. 

There has been much difference of opinion respecting the merits and com- 
parative value of rye-grass. It produces an abundance of seed, which is easily 
collected and readily vegetates on most kinds of soil under circumstances of 
different management ; it soon arrives at perfection, and produces in its first 
years of growth a good supply of early herbage, which is much liked by cat- 
tle. These merits have, no doubt, upheld it till the present day in practice, 
and will probably, for some time to come, continue it a favourite grass with 
many farmers. But the latter-math of rye-grass is very inconsiderable, and 
the plant impoverishes the soil in a high degree if the culms, which are inva- 
riably left untouched by cattle, are not cut before the seed advances towards 
perfection. When this is neglected, the field after midsummer exhibits only 
a brown surface of withered straws. 

Let the produce and nutritive powers of rye-grass be compared with those 
of the cocksfoot grass, and it will be found inferior in the proportion nearly 
of 5 to 18; and also inferior to the meadow fox-tail in the proportion of :"» to 
12; and inferior to the meadow fescue in the proportion of fj to 17. In these 
comparisons, from which the above proportions arose, it was necessary to omit 
the seed crops for the truth of comparison. » * « « 

Cocksfoot grass perfects an abundance of seed, and the plants arrive tit a 
productive state as soon as those of rye-grass ; hence its superiority over rye- 
grass, as above, is equally great for permanent pasture and the alternate hu.?- 
bandry ; which is not so precisely the case with the fox-tail grass and meadow 
fescue. One peck of rye-grass, with 14 lbs. of clover, per acre, is generally 
considered sufficient for sowing artificial pastures. * i» » * 

The proportions in which the seeds of the different species should be mixed 
for permanent pasture : — 

Cocksfoot grass {Dactylis glomcrnta) - - - 2 bushels. 

Meadow-fescue {Fes<MCtf/>ra<««5«5) - - . . 2 

Meadow fox-tail grass {Alopecurus pratensis) - - - 2 

Rough-stalked meadow-grass (Poa trivialis) - - 2 

Tall oat-Uke soft-grass Hotcus arcnaceus) - - - {}i 

Meadow caVs-tail (P/Ueum jjralense) - . . . l^lbs. 

Hard, or smooth fescue (Ffsluca duriuscula, vel glabra - 2 bushels 

Creeted dog's-Wi] (Cynosurus cristalus) - - - 1 

Nerved meadow-grass (Poa nervata) - - - - Oi 

Wood meadow-grass {Poa ncmoralis) . . . . \ 

Narrow-leaved rneadow-grass {Poa angustifolia) - - Oi 

Broad-leaved creeping bent, or fiorin {Jigroslis stolonifera, var. } ,*. 

latifolia) - - . . . . . ( ^2 

Rye-grass (Lolzumperenne) - - . . . i 

White or Dutch clover {Trifolium repens) - - - LI lbs. 

Bush vetch {Vicia sepium) - . . . . A bushel 

Hweet-scented vernal grans {Jjnthoxantkum odMratum) OJ 

Perennial red clover {Trifolium fratensi: pcrennr) - 12 lbs 

Achillea milltfolivm, yarrow - - ... 4 



Grasses — Seeds — quaniities and modes of sowing. 

The proper quantity of grass seeds to sow, per acre, is a point of the great- 
est importance, as regards the expense of the seed, and the speedy formation 
of tho most valuable sward. s.'^***** 

When land is to be sown for permanent pasture, no admixture of any annual 
or grain crop, or broad-leaved clover, should be admitted with the grass seeds. 
F^xperience proves that they are highly injurious to the intention of speedily 
forming a solid productive sward; and that the profit that may accrue from a 
grain crop thus obtained, will be much overbalanced by the loss of grass in the 
two following seasons. Every plant of these annual crops occupies a place, 
to the detriment of the expected sward ; besides rendering the surface porous 
by the decay of their roots in the end of autumn, much mischief, likewise, is 
done to tho sward by portions of the crops being beat down with heavy rains. 
The above mixture should be sown in the autumn or spring, at the rate of 
four bushels and a half to the acre ; much less will form a good pasture, but 
when tho seeds can be had from the farm at a moderate expense, the maxi- 
mum quantity should be adopted. If sown in spring, it will be found highly 
useful, in the following autunm, to give the surface a slight top-dressing with 
rotten dung or compost, in which the seeds or roots of weeds are not suspected, 
and to sow inunediately after lialf a bushel, more or less, of the mixture of 
seeds, according as the sward appears to be deficient of plants ; after which, 
(the top-dressing being previously well reduced by a slight bush-harrow,) the 
roller should be liberally used ; and rolling, for the first two years, should 
never be neglected at any favourable opportunity. If the seeds are sown in 
autumn, the top-dressing, re-sowing, and rolling, will be found equally requi- 
site and beneficial in the following month of May ; and even if repeated in the 
following autunm, they will greatly forward the intention. This is imitating 
the process of nature in forming pastures — with this advantage, that for one 
seed of a valuable species of grass supplied to the soil by the slow and gradual 
process of nature, in one season, a thousand are supplied in the same space of 
time ; and tlius take possession of their natural soil, without the danger and 
inconvenience of expelling its usurpers. 

There has been some difl'crcnce of opinion respecting the manner of reap- 
in"' the produce of seedling grasses; whether by depasturing with sheep, or 
by mowing after the plants have perfected their seed. The manure supplied 
by sheep to the young grasses is of great advantage ; but the animals are apt 
to bite too close to the root, and sometimes tear up the young plants altoge- 
ther. I have found, on repeated trials, that cropping seedling grasses before 
they had produced llowers, had the effect of retarding and weakening the 
after-growth of the plants for that season very much. 13ut after the period of 
flowering, cropping was found to strengthen, and rather encourage the growth 
of plants. In the same way I found, that old plants of grass, when cut very 
close after the first shoots oi' the spring made their appearance, afforded about 
one-third less weight of i)roduce in the whole season than those plants of the 
same species which were left uncut till the flowering culms began to appear. 
As the advantages of the manure of the sheep may be supplied by top-dress- 
ing, and the disadvantages resulting to the tender seedling plants from early 
and close cropping cannot so speedily be removed, the practice of suffering 
the grasses to produce flowers before they are cut, with the application of 
top-dressincfs, and the use of the roller, till the spring of the second year, ap- 
pears to be far more profitable than the former practice of depasturing the 
seedling grasses at an earlier period than the spring of the second year. But 
in this, no doubt, as well as in other particular modes of management recom- 
mended for general practice in the culture of plants, local circumstances may 
interfere so nmch as often to render some modification of them necessary. 

The superior value of sainfoin for soils on a porous or dry sub-soil is there- 
fore manifest. * ^ * * * * * * *. * 

Sainfoin grows wild in all the clialky districts in England : but it was first 
introduced to Engli.<ii farmers as a plant for cultivation from Flanders and 
France, where it has been long cultivated. Parkinson, in the year 1640, says, 
that it is "generally known to be a singular food for cattle, causing them to 
give store of milk." — Worlidge, in his iVIy.stery of Husbandry, &c. (1681), 
treats of s.iinfoin at larsre: " In Willshire. in several places," says he. "there 



Grasses— Sainfoin— its habits and quantity of nutrition, 

are precedents of Bainfoin that has been there twenty years growing on poor 
land, and has so far improved the same, that from a noble per acre, twenty 
acres together have been certainly worth thirty shillings per acre, and yet 
continues in good proof."— These extracts show the high opinion which was 
entertained of this plant above one hundred years ago ; but this was, no doubt, 
in a great measure owing to the small number of plants then known for sow- 
ing in the farm. 

The experhnents that have here been made on this plant were confined to a 
clayey loam and a light sihceoussoil. Upon these it was evidently inferior to 
the broad-leaved and pereimial red clover ; but on chalky and gravelly soils 
there have been abundant proofs of the superior value of sainfoin. After the 
ample details of the uses and cultivation of sainfoin, given in Mr. Young's 
Annals, it will be difficult to add any thing new. It is a perennial plant, and pro- 
duces but little herbage the first year, and on that account should not be sown 
on land that is intended to remain only two years under grass. In Mr. Young's 
Annals we are informed, that sainfoin is allowed on all hands to be an admira- 
ble improvement on limestone rocks and chalk downs, which, in order to be 
cultivated to the greatest advantage, should be in this course, with no more 
arable than is necessary for the change Thus, if sainfoin last sixteen years, 
as it certainly will if properly managed, then sixteen parts of the down should 
be sainfoin, and as many more parts as there are years necessary for tillage, 
before the ground should be sowed with it again ; suppose this period to be 
five years, the portions would then be IC sainfoin ; 1 sainfoin pared and burnt, 
and under turnips ; 1 barley or oats ; 1 clover ; 1 wheat ; 1 turnips ; 1 barley or 
oats, and with this crop sainfoin sown again=22. In another part we are in- 
formed that sainfoin is also a^^reat improvement in thin, loose, dry, sandy 
loams, upon marl or chalk bottoms. 

Thin soils that wear out, or tire of clover, are laid down to great advantage 
with it, will last twentj' years, and pay the farmer as well as his best corn 
crops. If a flock of sheep be an object of primary importance, this plant will 
aiford them plenty of dry food for winter, in hard weather. An acre of indif- 
ferent land will yield two tons of sainfoin dry, and therefore twenty acres will 
serve 1000 sheep for a month, supposing a sheep eats three pounds of hay in a 
day, which is a large allowance. ***** 

It flowers about the middle and towards the end of June. The seeds are 
large, and when sown in wet soils generally burst and rot without vegetating. 
There is some difference of opinion with respect to the best season for sowing ; 
according to several trials that I have made, the middle or end of April is the 
most certain ; but when sown in the autumn^ unless the soil be favourable, 
many of the plants are lost during the winter : should circumstances prove 
otherwise, the autumn sowing wiU be found the most advantageous, as it af- 
fords nearly a full crop in the ensuing season. * ^^ * « * 

The grasses, and other plants, best fitted for alternation, as green crops 
with grain, are such as arrive at perfection in the shortest space of time, or 
within the compass of two years; such as have their leaves broad and succu- 
lent, and that do not quickly run to seed. Plants of this description are sup- 
posed to produce the greatest weight of herbage at the least expense to the 
soil. 

It is a curious and well-known fact, that any species of plant that has conti- 
nued till its natural decay on a particular soil, cannot be again immediately 
reared with equal success on the same spot, till some other crop intervene ; 
but that a different species of vegetable will there succeed better, for its pecu- 
liar period of life, than it would on a soil naturally better adapted to its growth, 
where it had just attained to perfect maturity. This holds good with respect 
to annual plants as well as to those that continue to live many years. But it 
is better seen in the former, as their habits and duration in the soil are oftener 
and more directly within the reach of common observation. 

On this antipathy of plants seems to depend the theory of alternate crop- 
ping with green crops and grain — varying in some measure according to the 
circumstances of soil and climate ; but the principle appears to remain the 
same. 

On analysing a soil immediately before and after producing an impoverish- 



Mangel fVurtzel — Carrots — Potatoes — their values. 

ing crop, the results of such analysis do not point out any diminution in the 
weight or proportions of its constituents sufficient to account for the weight 
of vegetable matter produced. The decomposing animal and vegetable mat- 
ters ot the soil arc the only constituents wherein a sensible loss is perceived. 

M. Braconnot grew plants in substances free from any kind of soil, as in 
flowers of sulphur, and in metal. He supplied the plants with distilled water 
only. They arrived, by these means, to a perfect state of maturity. The 
produce was submitted to careful analysis; and the results showed that the 
difTerent vegetables so produced, contained all the constituents of the different 
species, precisely the same as when the plants were cultivated on their natu- 
ral soils. *»•«..»#»»►• 

Js'tdritivc 

Green Food. Matter. 

lbs. lbs. 

Mangel wurtzel, or white beet, (Beta cicla,) produces upon a 
suitable soil, or a deep rich loam, on an average, twenty-five 
tons* of green food per acre, every pound weight of which 
contains 390 grains of nutritive matter ; and therefore per 
acre 56000 3120 

Carrots (Daucus carota), produce upon a deep light loam, on an 
average, eleven tons, every pound of which contains 750 
grains of nutritive matter .... 24640 2640 

Potatoes (SolaJtum tuberosum), produce upon a fresh loam, of 
intermediate quaUty as to moisture and dr^ess, on an ave- 
rage, 15 tons per acre, affording of nutritive matter per pound, 
1000 grains -...-. 33600 4800 

The common field or white turnip (Brassica rapa, var.) affords 
from a sandy loam, upon an average, per acre, 16 tons of 
green food, a pound of which contains 320 grains of nutritive 
matter -....-. 35840 1638 

The Swedish turnip, or ruta baga (Brassica, rapa, var.), pro- 
duces on a favourable soil, or a strong loam, on an average, 
13 tons per acre, a pound weight of which alTords of nutritive 
matter 440 grains - . . . . 20120 1830 

Cabbages (Brassica olcracca, var.), which delight in a rich 
strong loam, afford of green food, on an average per acre, 25 
tons, every pound of which contains 430 grains of nutritive 
matter ..--.-. 56000 3440 

Kohl rabi (Brassica olcracca, var.), the produce from a soil 
similar to that for cabbages or Swedish turnips, is on an ave- 
rage 14 tons per acre, and affords of nutritive matter per 
pound 420 grains - - - - - 31360 1681 

If a plant, therefore, impoverishes the soil in proportion to the weight of ve- 
getable substance it produces on a given space of ground, the following will 
be the order in which the plants just mentioned exhaust the land. 



Mangel wurtzel - - - 25' 

Cabbages - - - 25 

White Turnip - - -16 

Potatoes - - - 15 > lu cacu omer wii 

Kohlrabi - - - 14 [ weight of produce. 

Swedish Turnip - - 13 I 

Carrots - - - - 1 1 j 



The proportions which they bear 
to each other with respect to 



• I have found this variety less nutritious and less haidy than the pink or 
light red mangel wurtzel. Seventy-eiglit thousand four hundred and forty, 
eight pounds of the pink kind were produced, in 1823, upon one acre and 
fourteen perches of faim land in Philadelphia County. — .im. Ed. 



On Mangel IVurlzel — Its cullivutloa, product, and value 
on Dairy aiid Breeding Farms — Causes of failure — 
Quality of Butter — Application of Cultivators — Ad- 
vantages of aflat surface in this climate — Superiority 
of Indian Corn for the general purposes of American 
Farms. 

By John Hare Powel, Esq. 

Powelton, Philadelphia County. 

I enclose certificates, showing that sixteen hundred and 
thirty-four bushels of mangel wurtzel, weighing seventy-eight 
thousand four hundred and forty-eight pounds, were produced 
at Powelton, upon one acre and fourteen perches of farm 
land, accurately measured by a regular surve3-or. 

I selected a parallelogram, containing thirteen contiguous 
rows, which w-ere drawn and measured in mj^ presence, to 
ascertain the largest quantit}^, which had grown upon the 
richest part of the field. One hundred and forty-three bas- 
kets, equal to one hundred and seventy-four bushels, were 
produced upon thirteen and an half perches, at the rate of two 
thousand and sixty-five bushels per acre, weighing 44 tons, 
5 cwt. 27 lbs. 

I am satisfied that the account of my farmer is correct, and 
as the roots had been drawn ten days, had been closely cut 
beneath the crowns, were dry, and entirely free from dirt, 
both the measurement by the basket, and the estimate by 
weight, must be fair. If a barrel had been used, or any other 
large vessel, o[ similar shape, the crop w^ould appear greater, 
as the measure would not have been so often filled, and con- 
sequently not so often heaped. 

^Ir.i JNIilnor, the Recording Secretary, was good enough to 
superintend the measurement of the basket, and saw the man- 
ner in which it was filled. 

I submit to 3'ou the shingles containing the original scores, 
and refer you to him for corroboration of the facts. It may 
be well to state, that however great this crop. may appear, in 
England a larger product has been obtained. 

My soil was not naturally strong; it has been gradually 
so much deepened, as to enable Wood's plough, No. 2, 
drawn by four oxen, to plough fourteen inches deep. Fresh 
barn-yard manure was equally spread upon the surface, and 
ploughed under in the early part of April, in quantities not 
larger than are generally used for potato crops in this coun- 
ty. Early in May the land was twice stirred with Beatson's 
scarifier — harrowed — rolled — after stirred — harrowed, and 
rolled again in the opposite direction. The holes for the 



Muni:^cl Wnrtzcl — I'uluc on Dtiiri/ Farms. 

seeds were made by a wheel containing pegs in its circum- 
feience, which penetrated the ground about an inch, leaving 
intervals o( four inches; the rows were made two feet asun- 
der; two capsules were dropped into each hole; the wheel of 
a common barrow was passed over them, thus compressing 
the earth, and leaving a slight rut, for the retention of mois- 
ture. 

A small cultivator, which I had contrived for the purpose, 
was drawn between the rows soon after the weeds appeared; 
a three-inch triangular hoe removed the alternate plants, 
leaving the others at distances, varying from S to 12 inches 
asunder. The cultivator was twice used before tiie 20th of 
July. The heavy rains of August made another hoeing ne- 
cessary, and surcharged the ground so much with moisture, 
that all roots increased much less in that month, than during 
the same time, in the two last jears. 

In order to convey an idea of a mangel wurtzel crop, to 
some of the membcis who are not acquainted with its usual 
product, it may not be improper to stale, that three-fourths 
of the root extend above the ground — that 1 last year obtained 
one, which at Mv. Landreth's shop weighed, some days after 
it was drawn, 17 lbs. 10 oz. 

I this 3'eai- desired smaller roots, which might grow so 
closely, as by their leaves to protect the soil as much as pos- 
sible from the exhalations of the sun. JNIy cultivator, by its 
peculiar form, enabled me to cut olf the weeds when the 
plants were so young, that if I had applied the plough, their 
crowns must have been covered in many instances by earth, 
occasionally tailing from its land side. The failure which 
attends the cultivation of most root crops in drills, proceeds 
from the neglect of weeds in their early stages. Four or 
live days of delay, frequently make the difference of fifteen 
days in the labour of making clean an acre of ground. The 
same weeds which a boy with a sharp shingle could remove 
at the commencement of one week, ma}', before the end of 
the next, require the application of an implement drawn by 
an horse. 

I ascribe my success, in great measure, to the use of Wood's 
extraordinary plough, wiiich enters the soil more deeply, 
and pulverizes it more perfectly than any other I have ever 
seen with equal force in any country — to the use of cultiva- 
tors, which complete the production of fine tilth — to the de- 
struction of the weeds on their first appearance — to leaving 
the smallest space upon which a horse can walk between the 
rows, and above all io plaiiting the seeds of a proper kind 
upon a surface which is kept perfectly flat. 

In proof of the advantages of this invaluable root, I exhibit 



Root Crops cannot supplant Indian Com. 

cream obtained from one of my cows, which has been fed for 
several weeks, exclusively upon mangel wurtzel and millet 
fodder. You will fmd that its colour and flavour are perfectly 
good ; the butter which it affords, is more like that produced 
in June, than any I have used, excepting such as had been 
derived from cows fed on carrots and corn meal. 

Notwithstanding the large product, I am confirmed in the 
opinions, which I have repeatedly expressed, that in this 
country, nothing can supplant the king of vegetables, Indian 
Corn. I would recommend mangel wurtzel, in preference to 
all other roots, for dairy and breeding farms: and to a limited 
extent, where labour and manure are not too dear, in compa- 
rison with the value of land, it should be cultivated upon all 
farms. 

The expense of preparation for a mangel wurtzel crop is 
not so great as might be supposed. 
The labour of four oxen, a ploughman and driver in 

ploughing one acre, fourteen inches deep, costs $3.00 

Three stirrings with Beatson's improved scarifier, 

which two oxen managed by one man, can readily 

pass over five acres in good condition, in one day, 1.25 
Two harrowings and two rollings, .... 1.25 

Dibbling with a wheel, ...... 1.00 

Dropping seeds, (if performed by men,) . . 5.00 

Pressing them under by a wheel, .... 1.00 

Hoeing and thinning, ...... 15.00 

Cleaning with Blockley cultivator, drawn by one horse, 3.00 

^30.50 
I am, very obediently, yours, 

John Hare Powel. 
To the President of the Peniuylvania Agricultural Society. 



Philadelphia County. 

At a meeting of the Pennsylvania Agricultural Society, held in November, 
Mr. Powel exhibited a bottle of cream, produced by a cow, which he stated, 
had been fed solely on mangel wurtzel roots, and millet hay. It was pro- 
nounced by all who examined it, to be equal, in richness and flavour, to any 
they had ever seen. 

His Durham Short-horn heifers, fed upon these roots, yield very large quan 
tities of milk, affording the richest cream I have tasted. 

JoHS P. MrLNOR, 

Recording Sec'y. Penn. Ag. Sac. 

We have counted the scores, examined William Powell the farmer, and are 
satisfied, that the piece of land at Powelton, measured by Mr. Henry Serrill, 
produced thirteen hiindred and forty-one baskets of mangel wurtzel, and that 
the part thereof containing thirteen and an half perches, produced one hun- 
dred and forty-three baskets, all the roots having been closely cut below the 
crowns 

John P. Milnor, 
Hfnry Sr.RRitt 



Mangel fVurtzel — Product — Certificates — Oaths. 

JS'ovember 19. 
I have carefully measured the basket used by William Powell, and referred 
to in the foregoing certificate, and find, that it contains precisely one bushel 
and seven quarts. A basket of this size, wide at top, and of sutFicicnt height, 
was selected, in order that the beets might bo fairly measured, by being placed 
singly, T\ea.Y\y pcrpiniliruUnhj, their necks extending above the sides, upon 
which others wore afterwards laid horizontally until the usual heaped measure 
was given ; thus leaving as few interstices as possible. 

John p. Mii.xoR. 



Having measured the above piece of ground, I certify it contains one acre 
and fourteen square perches. A part of whicli, containing thirteen and an 
lialf square perches, had been staked out in order to ascertain the exact quan- 
tity of mangel wurtzcl tlicreon. 

Hesrv SKKiiii.r,, 
Surveyor. 



I have measured the mangel wnirtzel, taken from farm land at Powolton, 
surveyed b}' Mr. Serrill, and am convinced from the careful manner in which 
I scored upon shingles with a knife every basket as it passed, from my hand, 
and as I was checked in my account by the person who assisted me, it is not 
possible an)' mistake conld arise. Upon one acre and fourteen square perches, 
thirteen hundred and forty-one baskets were produced. From the piece which 
had been staked out, in order to ascertain the exact quantitj' of mangel wurt- 
zcl thereon, I took one hundred and forty-three baskets. The strip included 
thirteen adjoining rows, which were measured from the edge towards the cen- 
tre of the tield without any break. 

William Powell, 

Fanner at Puicclton. 



Philadelphia County, ss. 

Personally appeared before me, the subscriber, one of the justices of the 
peace, in and lor the county aforesaid, the above named William Pnwell, who 
being sworn, according to law, sailli, that the foregoing statement is true, to 
the best of his knowledge and belief. 

Sworn and subscribcil, this twenty-eighth d.iy of November, A. D. l.'^23. 

Georgk HoWAKTir, 
Justice of the Feace. 



West Philadelphia. 
A farm basket, properly filled with mangel wurtzcl, was brought to my 
store, by Mr. Powel's tanner. The roots alone, weighed rather more than 
fifty-eight and an half pounds. 

David Hoopes. 



The Committee appointed to examine the papers relative to a crop of man- 
gel wurtzcl raised last season by John Hare rowel, I'^sq., after inspecting the 
certificates, are nnaniraousl}' of opinion, that Mr. Powel at Powelton raised 
on one acre and fourteen perches of ground, thirteen hundred and forty-one 
baskets, equal to sixteen hundred and thirty -one bushels of mangel wurtzel, 
weighing seventy-eight thousand four hundred and forty-eight pounds ; and 
that he is justly entitled to a premium therefor from the Pennsylvania Agri- 
cultural Society. 

George W. Holstein, 
Elijah Lewis, 
^pril2ith, IS'U. Maniel Eyre. 

Premium relinquished. 
E.Ttract from the minutes of the Pcnnsjivania Agricultural Society. 

John P. Milnor, 

Recording Secretary. 



Manures — Lime — Deej:> Plovghing. 



On Deep Ploughing — Oyster-shell Lime — the manage- 
ment and application of Vegetable and *finimal Ma- 
nures. 

By John Hare Powel, Esq. 

rowelton, 

I have reclaimed, by oyster-shell lime and deep plough- 
ing, a farm, made sterile by a series of the most exhaust- 
ing crops, whicii the cupidity or folly of bad tenants could 
suggest. I am not ignorant of the objections which have 
been often brought, and not less ingeniously supported, 
against breaking the "pan," and reversing the sub-soil; but I 
have seen few instances, where ultimate success has not at- 
tended deep ploughing, in a Judicious course of manage- 
ment, except on arid sands. I have turned up sub-soils, of 
different hues, mixed with substances, varying, from tena- 
cious clay, to loose gravel, or sparkling sand, and have found, 
that those who condemned my "burying fertile mould be- 
neath sterile clay," confess, that at the end of five years, I 
obtain great crops, by means of deep and fine tilth, from a 
chesnut ridge, and gravel bottom, originally covered with 
barren oak and cedar trees. Some of my friends, who are 
in the habit of hauling manure to the distance of twelve miles, 
may imagine, that my proximity to the town, affords a re- 
medy for all the defects of soil. Within twelve years, I have 
expended but six hundred dollars in the purchase of manure, 
although during part of the time, large quantities of hay were 
sold from my farm. Where the mould was five inches deep, 
I ploughed ten in the autumn — applied caustic oyster-shell 
lime, in quantities, equal to eighty or an hundred bushels per 
acre. In the spring, I ploughed six, reversed the sub-soil, 
and took a white crop. In the next autumn, I ploughed 
nearly eight for a winter crop — in the succeeding year, the 
original depth of ten inches was reached by the plough. In 
some instances, for root crops, it has been gradually increased. 
This day with Wood's Plough, No. 2, drawn by four oxen, 
my land has been ploughed for mangel wurtzel more than 
fourteen inches deep. The " caput mortuum" or sub-soil, 
after having in the first instance been corrected by the caus- 
ticity of lime, and the expansion of frost — improved by the 
atmosphere, and the calcareous matter which remained, was 
turned below the depth of an ordinary furrow. The first crop 



\ 



Manures — t^nimal — Season and Mode of Jipplieation. 

was certainly better than that whicli had preceded it, as the 
advantages derived from the lime, the larger supply of mois- 
ture, secured by the greater capacity of the loose soil for its 
deposite, and the increased depth of tilth, more than compen- 
sated for the injury, that might be apprehended, from the ad- 
mixture of small portions of " sour soil." The next crop was 
nearly as good — the succeeding crops have gradually in- 
creased in quantity, weight, and value. The ingenious in- 
ventor of the sub-stratum plough, has added much to our 
means of improvement, in this, as he has done by the appli- 
cation of his skill to the production of various implements, 
valuable by their simplicity and cheapness — but whilst I ac- 
knowledge the benefit he has conferred, by placing a substi- 
tute for deep ploughing within the reach of those, who cannot 
be tempted to reverse the sub-soil, I cannot avoid thinking, 
that if the sub-soil in all cases be deleterious to vegetation 
when brought to the surface — when meliorated by the chemi- 
cal action of lime — by the expansion of frost — by exposure to 
the influences of heat and light — by the operation of various 
agents and manures, employed for the mechanical separation 
of its particles, or the supply of its deficiencies, it must in 
most cases, be injurious to the tender radicals, which have 
been led to a "caput mortuum;" whither they never coulu 
have been seduced, but by the attractions of water, to vege- 
tate, for a time — soon after to die, and disease or debilitate 
the plant. 

I have never had apprehension of the loss of animal manure 
by sinking, as its component parts are generall)'- so insoluble 
in water, as to cause them to be left by filtration sufficiently 
near to the surface for all our purposes : but I have had many 
motives to guard against its escape by evaporation, and there- 
fore invariably deposite it deeply, and generally in its fresh- 
est state, beneath the surface of the land. My experience 
during nearly twenty years has taught me that in this cli- 
viate, ivhere the exhalations of the sun during one season, 
the influence of wind — the efiects of melting snow, and tor- 
rents of rain, during another, upon a surface made impervious 
by frost almost to the edge of an axe, top dressing, except 
when principally composed of calcareous matter, should sel- 
dom be applied. Old pastures remarkable for the excellence 
of their herbage, or gi'ass lands within the reach of large 
towns, may be profitably enriched by the application of ani- 
mal manure to the surface in the spring, when the soil is 
open, and the grass by pushing forth its leaves, soon affords 
some protection, from the sun, whilst they imbibe to a certain 
extent, the fertilizing princij}le, passing oft' in a gaseous form. 

The expedients which Ihe dearncss oC la nd, and the rhcap- 



tSlercorarics — " Compost Pies'' — Foreig'n Pruclices. 

ness of labour, have coerced certain Europeans to adopt, can- 
not for ages become profitable, where the farmer tills gene- 
rally his own soit; and the labourer is paid, and protected, 
as being worthy of regard, and the wages of his toil. Com- 
post heaps, in certain situations, may be advantageously form- 
ed. In very few would they repay the cost of chopping, 
turning, and scientific commixing, without noticing the loss, 
in this climate, at each operation, of animal matter, by the 
escape of its volatile parts — not the least essential of which it 
is formed. I am satisfied, that all animal manures should, 
if practicable, be applied in their freshest state — that where 
this cannot be done, they should be covered with earth, and 
exposed in the fold yard, to the treading of beasts, in order, 
that the mass may be made compact — the air be excluded — 
and consequently, decomposition retarded, until its influence 
shall be directly applied, to stimulate plants, and enrich the 
soil. 

The curious sheds, ingenious stercoraries, and mellow com- 
post "pies," of which prints are given, and on which long 
essays have been written, I have been convinced, are adapted 
neither to the climate of Pennsylvania nor to our purses nor 
plans. 

I should be unwilling to shake off some of the prejudices, 
which we have imbibed, with our mother tongue: but al- 
though I do not object to cut a heavy cloth coat, in an Au- 
gust day, after a foreign winter fashion, I am not prepared 
to remain a colonist in thinking, that we cannot manage our 
farms, without European precedent or rule. 

If any man were to cultivate a large farm in this state, after 
the most approved scientific mode, which the agricultural 
Doctors would have us adopt, he might expect to have an 
empty barn, and ere long a light pocket. 

Science is essential to the agricultural art — chemistry aids 
it at every turn, — cooking is a chemical process; yet I should 
be unwilling to be fed, with soup from the laboratory of the 
great Davy himself, unless he had been practised in season- 
ing his broth — even if with the aid of the whole college of 
physicians, it were scientifically compounded, as Smollett's 
feast of the ancients, and served in classic vases of gold. 
I am, very obediently, yours, &c. 

John Hare Powel. 

To the President of the Pennsylvania Agricultural Society, 



}lai/ — Making and Securing. 



On viaking Hay — Hay Houses — Pennsylvania Barns — 
^Arrangements of the Fold Yard. 

By John Hahe Powel, Esq. 

Powclton, July 1, 1824, 

Sir, — Your profitable management, much more tlian the 
high state of cultivation, in which the officers of the so- 
ciety found your farm, leads me to desire a statement of the 
system you pursue, in the preparation of j^our soil — the ar- 
rangement of your fields — the rotation of your crops — the 
mode of securing fodder — feeding cattle — and the application 
of their manure. I was struck by the appearance of your 
stock, and gratified at finding that our opinions and practice 
coincide, in the preparation of hay, and distribution of it in 
hay houses, instead of huge 7nows. 

I have thought the parade of Pennsylvania barns not more 
profitable than the decoration of our fine blue waggons, or the 
musical bells attached to our teams. The ingenious mode 
adopted to deprive grasses of their most valuable and nutri- 
tious parts, is so absurd, that it long since would have been 
abandoned, I should hope, had not our prejudices in favour 
of old usages, which generally keep practical farmers right, in 
this instance put us all wrong. 

In good weather, most crops of grasses can in this state be 
secured wiihout h^xw^ shaken from the swarth. My uniform 
practice for many years has been to allow grass to remain 
nearly two days untouched, to gather it by an horse rake, 
cock it in the hot part of the day, salt it, and place it in an 
hay house, which admits a free circulation of air. My clover, 
like yours, retains much of the colour of its blossoms and 
leaves. The advantage of pilching hay from the carriage, 
into "a bank barn," does not counterbalance the expense of 
labour in preparing, the loss of nutrition in drying, and the 
great danger of fire from heating, as well as from the escape 
of moisture, which so often in this climate attracts lightning, 
to the utter destruction of the building, and all the hopes of 
the farm. 

The convenience of feeding, has also been brought to aid 
the arguments, in favour of a great Pennsylvania barn. We 
owe much of our success to the industry, care, and skill, of 
our excellent German population, but I think it may be ques- 
tioned, whether the expense they incur, in the arrangement 
of their farm buildings, is not very often mischievous, not 
merely useless, in making tender their cattle, and diseasing 



Hay Houses — Cattle Sheds ^ 8cc. 

them by bad hay. It is scarcely possible in this state, where 
the changes of climate are sudden and severe, to guard farm 
stock from suffering, when they are made warm throughout 
the night, and are necessarily exposed to pelting storms 
during part of the day. I am convinced, that milch cows, 
and very young calves, require protection from cold — all 
other cattle, if guarded from wet, and currents of wind, feed 
with more appetite, digest with more ease, work with more 
vigour, and encounter accidental exposure, with less danger 
of harm, than if they be confined within thick stonewalls, in- 
haling an impure atmosphere, from which by the instinct of 
nature, if not thwarted by the ill-judged contrivance of man, 
they would fly. 

I would suggest, that the position for the farm yard be se- 
lected, as usual, at the foot of a small hill, of which the 
southern side, should be cut in such manner, as to admit the 
erection of a barn sufficiently large for all its usual purposes, 
except that of holding hay, and feeding cattle. Roofs pitch- 
ing to the south, and sufficiently capacious to protect all the 
hay, straw, fodder, and stock of the farm, should be extended 
at both gable ends. For the support of the fodder lofts, and 
roofs, pillars of brick, or stone, should be erected at proper 
intervals; for the security of the bank, and the road at its 
edge, a wall somewhat higher than it, should be built — a space 
of two feet should be left, between the northern side of the 
loft and the wall. Racks should be placed perpendicularly, 
with their outer edges exactly corresponding, and parallel 
with the wall, and side of the loft. Thus a space of two feet 
would remain between them and the wall, to be filled vvith 
hay. A long shutter, sufficiently wide, may be secured by 
hinges, attached to posts, on the outer side of the wall, in 
order that when the rack shall have been filled, by pitching 
from above, it may be closed at a proper angle, to exclude 
rain or cold air. 

Stalls for cattle, pens for sheep and calves, should be at fit 
distances placed beneath the hay — palings, and gates, might 
secure them on the southern, or outer side. The hay being 
exposed on two of its sides, would require infinitely less dry- 
ing, than if pressed closely, in a great mass, within the thick 
walls of a barn. It is scarcely to be believed, by those who 
have not seen the experiment, how little drying grass requires, 
when it is to be salted, and thrown lightly into an open hay 
house. By beginning at one end of a long loft, and dis- 
charging the loads, so as to not more than half fill it, until the 
hay be extended to the other, by the time that the end at 
which the farmer began, shall he quite filled, his hay, in de- 



Jioof Crops — JVJiiie Turnips. 

spite of the state in which it had been hauled, will be suffi- 
ciently dry. 

The advantages I propose, are the saving of labour in 
making the hay, of money in building the barn, of nutrition 
from not exhausting the grass by unnecessary exposure, to the 
rays of the sun ; and to practical farmers, what to them is of 
consequence, a return in profit, on cattle, which after being 
fed from January to July upon hay, and grass alone, may be 
exposed on Philadelphia shambles with credit to the feeder, 
as yours have been shown. 

I am yours, &.c. 

John Hare Powel. 

To John G. Watmough, Esq, 



On, Root Crops — Groiuing — Securing — Their application 
and value. 

By Jamf.s Williams, Esq. 

Philadelphia County. 
My present observations will be chiefly confined to the 
culture and use of the common field turnip, the value of 
which, I apprehend, is not sufficiently appreciated in this 
country. I have frequently been told by farmers, that 
unless near market, they are scarcely worth raising, and as 
to fattening cattle with them, that was a thing utterly im- 
practicable. Having seen that in England fat beef is made 
from turnips, with very little other food, and believing there 
was the same nutrition in them here as there, I resolved to 
satisfy myself. I, therefore, about the beginning of January 
last, purchased and stalled a pair of young oxen, or rather 
what the drovers would term coarse, poor, rough stags. 
They cost me S25. You may judge, by the price, they were 
no great things, as fair store cattle of the same weight were 
selling at the same time and place, for 17 to IS dollars per 
head. I had two bushels of turnips chopped up morning and 
evening, and three quarts of ground oats and corn meal, or 
buckwheat meal, mixed with each mess, which I divided be- 
tween them. In the middle of the day and at night they had 
alternately, oat straw, and corn fodder. In three months and 
an half they were good beef, but I kept them another month 
for a better market, and the latter end of April turned them 
out to pasture with the cows, still feeding them night and 
morning, but more sparingly. On the 25th of May, I sold 
them for §70.20, which was six dollars per hundred. A steer 
fattened by Mr, John Risden, at Hopkin's ferry, near 
Holmesburg, was slaughtered at the same time, and was put 
up about the same time that mine were. His was fattened on 



White Tnridps — Nutritive Propertiea. 

il2 quarts of Indian meal, about \ bushel potatoes, and as much 
good clover hay as he could eat per day. There was very 
little difference in the quality of the meat; indeed I believe 
they would have commanded the same price at the shambles 
— and look at the difference of feed. The quarters weighed 
as follows : 

One Stag .... 605 lbs.— gut fat, 65 lbs. 

One do 565 — do. 60 

Mr. Risden's Steer, . . 650 — do. 75* 

* We shall at all times be glad to receive the coinmunioations of this intel- 
ligent and zealous cultivator, and we trust he will pardon our exhibiting, in a 
condensed view, the result of his very satisfactory experiment. 

He states that " about the beginning of January, he purchased and stalled a 
pair of young oxen, which cost twenty-five dollars." " Two bushels of tur- 
nips chopped up morning and evening, and three quarts of ground oats and 
corn meal, or huckwkcnt meal, mixed with each mess," were " divided between 
them — in the middle of the day and at night, they had alternately, oat straw 
and corn fodder." In the " latter end of April they were turned out to pas- 
ture," " stiil feeding them niglu and morning, but more sparingly." " On the 
twenty-fifth of May," he " sold them for $70.20." 

From the .5lh of January to the 25th of May is 140 days. They con- 
sumed daily, that is morning and evening, 6 quarts of ground oats 
and corn meal, or buckwheat meal, = 840 quarts or 2G^ bushels at 
50 cents $13 12 

They ate oat straw or corn fodder, which within five miles of Phila- 
delphia, was worth, it is presumed, at least 15 cents per cwt., or $3 
per ton. Allowing each ox to consume or waste 2 cwt. per week, 
the two oxen consumed or wasted, in 140 days, or 20 weeks, 4 tons 
at $3 per ton 12 00 

Original cost of Oxen 25 00 



$50 12 
Price obtained for the Oxen when fatted 70 20 



20 08 
They ate 2 bushels of turnips chopped up morning and evening, that 
is, 4 bushels per day, during 140 days = to 560 bushels, which at 
3 cents 4-7ths per bushel would amount to 20 08 

Thus if our calculation be correct, it is established, that white turnips, when 
chopped and manufactured into messes, are worth three cents and four-se- 
venths of a cent per bushel. How much the labour of preparation is worth, 
we venture not to decide, but suppose it to equal at least the value of the ma- 
nure. 

To determine the comparative values or nutritive properties of vegetables, 
a series of experiments are necessary. They must be made upon various ani- 
mals of the same breed — of similar ages — reared, fed, housed, managed, and 
even watered under similar circumstances. — Editor. 



fVhiic Turnips — Nutritive Properties. 

This establishes the fact, I think, that there is some virtue 
in a white turnip, although a celebrated writer, in eulogizing 
his favourite plant, tlie rutabaga, contemns it as the "poorest 
of all roots of the bulb kind, cultivated in the fields." Again, 
he says, " hogs are the most able tasters in all creation ; they 
will eat nothing that is poor in its nature; a white turnip they 
will not touch unless they be on the point of starving." 

My hogs, however, were not such epicures ; I have abun- 
dance of proof, that I kept 13 hogs and pigs, last winter, al- 
most entirely on white turnips; they had no other food be- 
sides a bucket full, containing less than a half bushel of rye 
shorts to a hogshead of water, and the sour milk from three 
tolerable cows. They were always ready for the turnip, and 
kept in excellent condition. The fat hogs fed on corn for 
five weeks before they were killed, ate them with avidity, 
until the day before they were slaughtered. I sometimes 
chopped up carrots, beets, and turnips together, to see if a 
preference was given. The larger swine ate indiscriminately; 
the smaller ate the turnips first, perhaps because they were 
more easily masticated. My milch cows had from h to | 
bushels per day each, with three or four handfuls of meal, 
which kept up a flush of milk, and I have at no time had 
sweeter butter. Now, after what I have stated, you will 
readily conceive it would be as difficult for the aforesaid writer 
to convince me, that the white turnip is so very poor a thing 
as he represents, as it was for him to persuade the generous 
inhabitants of the Emerald Isle, that nine-tenths of the Irish 
potato is composed of " earth, straw and water." Yet this 
same writer admits, alluding to the devastation of the turnip- 
fly in England — "that if any man could find out a real reme- 
dy, and could communicate the means of cure, while he kept 
the means a secret he would be a much richer man than he 
who should discover the longitude, for about Jifty thousand 
farmers would very cheerfully pay him ten guineas a year 
each.''*' 

What would Great Britain do with her numerous flocks, 
and herds, w'ithout her turnip crop; and this subject, I sin- 
cerely believe, is daily becoming of more importance to the 
people of this country, and lo the state of Pennsylvania in 
particular. Our population is constantly and rapidly in- 
creasing; manufactures are increasing in the same or greater 
proportion, and wool-growers will multiply in the same ratio. 
Sheep, of which it is computed there are already about 
2,000,000 in this state, are now decidedly the most profitable 
stock farmers can keep. Wool is 7ioiv brought all the way 
from the state of Ohio to the Philadelphia market. Let the 

■ The Fly attacks Ruta bajja as well as White turnips. — Editor. 



White Turnips — Mode of Cultivation. 

sheep proprietors, then, if they wish to keep their flocks on 
cheap, succulent and wholesome food, during the winter 
months, look to the turnips, although the climate of this 
country may not be so congenial to the growth of this escu- 
lent as that of England. I have never found much difficulty 
in raising a crop, even in unfavourable seasons. The plan 
that I adopt and recommend is this: if, for instance, I wish 
to sow three or four acres, I begin early in the season, and 
pare half an acre or more, according to the state and appear- 
ance of the weather ; as soon as the ground is well ploughed 
and harrowed, I immediately sow whilst fermentation is at 
work; this is of more importance than many people imagine. 
Always sow and plant on fresh ground, if possible. I then 
run a roller over, if the ground is not too wet, to press the 
seed to the earth, which I also consider of consequence, as 
vegetation will more speedily ensue. I would also advise 
that a harrow should be run over the seed before the roller, 
as it may give the plant two chances against its most formi- 
dable enemy, the fly. I fancy it has been pretty clearly as- 
certained that this seed will bear a deep covering. I gene- 
rally sow about 1| lbs. per acre. In two or three days, or 
as soon as convenient, and the weather permits, I prepare 
another half acre or more, and so on to the end. If, per- 
chance, any particular sowing should have been cut off" by the 
fly, or from drought or some other unforeseen cause did not 
succeed, I stir well the ground afresh and sow again. After 
the ground is prepared, the labour necessary to bestow on 
a turnip crop, compared with its value, is not worth men- 
tioning. Sowing, pulling, topping and housing comprises 
the whole. I last year sowed some purple top amongst four 
acres of corn, broadcast; I presume 1 had two hundred bush- 
els to the acre; what I sold in market I got 18| to 25 cents 
for. But supposing them to have been worth 10 cents for 
farm use, my turnips were of more value than my corn of 40 
bushels to the acre, at the price of that article last year. 
Some of the turnips weighed 4 lbs., and cultivated and har- 
vested at less than one-fourth the expense of corn. If al- 
lowed to arrive at maturity, two men and two boys will pull, 
top and secure from the frost even in the field, put in heaps 
of 40 or 50 bushels each, and covered with earth, from 80 to 
100 bushels, or more, according to their size; and still more, 
if thrown into vaults or cellars, in the course of a day. 

The objections made by many, that turnips are not worth 
attending to in an Indian corn country, because they are a 
precarious crop, appears to me to be an unfounded prejudice. 
Corn, doubtless, is an excellent crop, and where justice is 
done to it, entitled to all those eminent qualities emphatically 



Suctess/iil Kxperiments zvith Rape ur Cote. 

ascribed to it, of "meal, meadow and manure." But corn, 
as well as the turnips, has its enemies, and requires constant 
attention, from the time it is planted until the ears begin to 
appear. I have shown to the best of my judgment and that 
of others, that where land is capable of producing 40 bushels 
of corn to the acre, that the vacant spaces between have yield- 
ed 200 bushels of turnips in a favourable season. But sup- 
posing the turnips fail entirely, which is not probable, if the 
method 1 suggest be adopted, what is there lost in this case 
but a little labour and a little seed; a consideration, I should 
hope, too insignificant to deter any husbandman, who studies 
his interest, from hazarding the experiment. 
I am, dear Sir, 

Your most obedient servant, 

James Williams. 
John Hare Powel, Esq. 

Corves. Scc'ry of the Penn. As^ricul. Society. 



On Rape — Its cultivation and pvodtice in Seed — 
Its value as Green Food for Neat Cattle and 
Sheep. 

By John Hake Powel, Esq. 

Powelton, Philadelpliia County, 1827. 

Dear Sir, — In accordance with your request, 
I have prepared a notice on tlie cultivation, uses, 
and vahie ol" cole or rape. 

I am not aware that rape had been cultivated 
extensively in any part of the United States, until 
182 1, wlien Mr. Miller and Mr. Pliillips of this 
county, obtained crops so extraordinary in pro- 
duct and value, as to induce them to reconniiend 
it to the notice of tlieir neighbours, by the only 
sort of evidence, which operative iarmei's will 
receive. 

I have no knowledge of its cultivation, excci)t 
from my observations al)road. It is higlily valued 
in many parts of Europe, as well for its product 
in seeds, as for the large quantity of green food 



Rape. — Cultivation — Hoeing, St'C. 

which it affords throughout the greater part of 
the year. 

It may be sown either broadcast, or as turnips, 
in drills — or, in beds, and be transplanted as 
other varieties of the Brassica or cabbage genus. 
The usual and most successful mode, is to sow 
from two to three quarts of seeds broadcast in 
June or July, when intended for green food, but 
in August or September, when destined to pro- 
duce seeds in the next year. 

The process of transplanting is too expensive 
in this country — the necessary hand-Iioeing, un- 
less the land has been well prepared by previous 
cleansing crops, would make rape, in the broadcast 
system, much more troublesome, than if culti- 
vated in rows, admitting the introduction of a 
horse-hoe. In favourable seasons I should not 
hesitate, where land is cheap and labom- is dear, 
to allow it, Avhen intended for green food, to 
take its chance, without the aid of either hand 
or horse-hoeing. 

It produces in ordinary seasons on rich allu- 
vial, or other deep friable soils, from forty to se- 
venty bushels of seeds, determined in quantity, 
very much, by the accuracy of tillage and the 
condition and nature of the land. Great care 
and precision are necessary in harvesting the 
seeds in June or July, of the year succeeding 
that in which they are sown. When tlie pods as- 
sume a brownish cast, and some of the seeds 
become black, the crop is reaped with sickles — 
laid regularly in handsful or grips in rows, where 
it continues until the straw becomes somewhat 
white — the seeds of the colour of which we lind 
them in the shops. If they ])e allowed to be- 
come too dry, they fall out on the slightest mo- 



Jiape — Vahie — Effects upon Neat Cattle and Sheep. 

lion — when carried too green, they are liable to 
be heated. At the proper time they must be 
thrashed in the field upon old sails or cloths, to 
which tlie crop should be carried upon sledges 
prepared with cloths, or by similar means. The 
seeds must be carefully spread in small quanti- 
ties in granaries or on barn floors, and be oc- 
casionally moved. 

Sheep and neat cattle are extravagantly fond 
of it — but of all plants, perhaps it is the most 
likely to cause them to be blown. 

There is much difference of opinion as to its 
nutritive properties in the green state. I be- 
lieve, that it quite equals the common cabbage, 
and very far exceeds turnips of all kinds in the 
quantity of nutrition it contains — in the value of 
tlie oil for various manufacturing purposes, and 
the excellence of the cake, after it Jias been ex- 
pressed, for cattle food and the manure of drill 
crops, no question can be entertained. 

It is not a certain crop — as it is exposed to all 
the enemies vvhicli attack turnips and cabbages — 
and is liable to ])c injured at the season of blos- 
soming ])y mildew and sometimes by frost.* 

* This excellent plant and mangel wurtzel, were as early as the year 1788, 
hrouorht into the view of our fanners, by llie original Philadelphia Society, 
which having two years before reconiniendod clover and gypsum, continued 
its career of exertion and usefulness, until tlic year 17'.K{, when tiic President, 
and with him that Society, died. 

Extract from the Report of a Committee appointed hij the present Philadelphia 
Society in 18^(>, to inquire into the proceedings of the Old Philadelphia So- 
ciety. 

" The Committee beg leave further to report, that of all the members who 
composed the old Philadelphia Society, none of the officers of the present Phi- 
ladelphia Society" -,»,»»-« 

" But it does appear that Mr. Bordley, Mr. Povvel and Mr. Clymer, were the 
most active officers of the association — that Mr. Powel as President attended 
every meeting but Cn'c from the organization of the Society in 1785, until 
March 17'.):^ — that in the summer of l7iK5, lie having died, no other meeting of 
the Society was ever lield. 



. Philaclelpliia County, February 1, 1837. 

TO JONATHAN ROBERTS, Esq. 

Prn^idc7it of tke Pcnnsijlvania Agricultural Society. 

Dear Sir, 

By the frequent discussions which have appeared 
on jyarticular breeds of cattle, among gentlemen whose 
liberal efforts must vindicate them from all susjoicion 
of deception, I apprehend that some mistake has arisen 
from their estimates having been formed on specimens 
of the respective breeds, varying so much in character 
and properties, as to make it essential that they be 
classed as varieties of a race, or even as individuals 
of distinct breeds. 

lam the more confirmed in this impression, as some 
of these gentlemen are separated by hundreds of miles, 
and it is probable that many of them who have been 
most prominent in these discussions, have never had an 
opportunity of inspecting those individuals which my 
inquiries, and the examination of very extensive cor- 
respondence with the most eminent English breeders, 
ham led me to consider as fair examples of the breed 
which has been the subject of dispute. 

a* 



Independent of the liberal hilenlions by which vari- 
ous jyersons are acluated in importing, and mulliply- 
ing, European breeds of stocJi', the emxdation excited 
by Cattle Shows, and the distinction conferred upon 
the subject, by eminent men in many parts of the 
United SIcdes, cannot fail to create a strong desire in 
the parties and their fiends to establish the grounds 
which they have taken, involving the soundness of their 
opinions, hoivever aloof from any other views Uian 
those which the most generous minds might enter- 
tain. 

I am aware that this is a hacknied topic, not 
likely to afford interest to such as are not actively en- 
gaged in the employ^nent to which it refers; but as I 
conceive a very large portion of our community, and 
certainly not the least useful, arc practically occupied 
in pursuits with ivhich it is intimately connected, I 
have taken some trouble to make myself acquainted 
ivith its bearings, and have toiled through a mass of 
evidence, which has convinced me not only of the entire 
justice of the following statements, bid of the correct- 
ness of the pedigrees which I have given. 

In the language of the discriminating Editor of 
the American Farmer: — " Evei^ farmer ivho has ani- 
"mals loorthy of being selected and reserved as pro- 
" pagators of their kind, should name them, and accu- 



" rately note their ages and pedigrees. Extracts from 
"■ Stock Registers, thus furnished and recorded, would 
'^ effectually constitute a 'HERD BOOK' of autho- 
" rity for general reference, preventing impositions, 
''giving greater value to the good, excluding the sjni- 
" rious, and serving effectually the fair purposes and 
" laudable objects, of both venders and buyers." 

I am of opinion that the pedigrees of many of the 
animals ivhich have been sent to America, at high 
prices, loill, if critically examined, prove to be defec- 
tive on cither side. Yet where no conceahnent has been 
practised — where the deficient pedigree has been given 
— or where none, except upon one side is shown, no 
intention to deceive can be imputed, nor can censure 
be attached to the English breeder who sends to a 
foreign land, animals ivhich he supposes quite good 
enough for its purposes, if he require not more than 
their value at home, and especially if he avow that 
he does not deem pedigree essential to establish the re- 
putation of his breed. 

With a view to make the pedigrees clear to Ameri- 
can husbandmen, who are not generally accustomed to 
the subject, and who have no means of reference to the 
Herd Book, the origin of each animal has been traced 
on both sides to its source, and hence when animals 



were in any degree allied, rej)clilion 2vas \mavoidable. 
It is not necessary to observe, that no man is expected 
to read the pedigrees through, and if he did not, 
withoid the adoption of this mode, the desired infor- 
mation could not he had. 

I am, dear Sir, 

Very tndy yours, 

John P. Milnor, 

Recording Secretary Venn, »9g. Soc. 



THE PENNSYLVANIA AGUUJULTURAL SOCIETY, 
AT THEIR MEETING IN 1825, NOTICE PAIITICM- 
LARLY THE IMPORTANCE OF IMPROVED BREEDS 
OF LIVE STOCK, AND UNEQUIVOCALLY DECLARE 
THE IMPROVED DURHAM SHORT-HORNS TO BE 
"THE RACE OF NEAT CATTLE AVHICH EXPERIENCE 
HAS PROVED TO BE SUPERIOR TO ALL WHICH WE 
HAVE EVER SEEN." 

JOHN P, MILNOR, 

Recordinur Sccretarij. 



Extract from the Report of the Committee on J\/*eat Cattle at the 
Feniifiylvania Shoiv of 1824. 

Your committee do not attempt to designate the points, or 
characteristics of the various animals which have been submitted 
to their view, as the display of nearly an iiundred and fifty neat 
cattle of extraordinary excellence precludes the possibility of 
their adhering, in the present instance, to the rule which had 
been observed on former occasions; but they cannot avoid ex- 
pressing their great satisfaction at the decided improvement 
which has been made in the stock, by the introduction of Mr. 
Powel's " Imi'koved Durham .Shout-hohns," whosk hlood can 

BK TRACED IN NEARLY ALL THE RREliDING ANIMALS, WllICM WERE 
DISTINGUISHED AS BEST KITTED FOR THE GENERAL PURFOSES OE 
rHK COUNTRY, BY UNITING, WITH FINE FORMS, THE REQUISITES 

FOR THE dairy and the stall. 

THOMAS SMITH, 
THOMAS SERRILL, 
MATHEW ROBERTS, 
RICH. B. JONES, 
C. CHURCHMAN,- 

Committee for JSi'cat Cattle. 

*■ Ail extCMbivc i^raziuib ui diiiiy laniiers. 



MARlTIiAND CATTLE SHOW. 

June 1, 1825. 
The Committee on Neat Cattle report, tliat they award to 
Col. Lloyd, for his bull Champion, the premium, "as the best 
full blood Improved Short-horn Bull. Champion having hereto- 
fore received a discretionary premium on his arrival in this coun- 
try, his owner generously declined entering him for the premium 
to be awarded to the best bull of any breed — believing, we pre- 
sume, with this committee, that to be the best bull of the 
Improved Shout-houn blood, is to be the best bull of any 

BUEED." * * * * 

EDWARD N. HAMBLETON, 
ROGER BROOKE, 
WM. CARMICHAEL, 
CHARLES K. DORSE Y, 
REUBEN M. DORSEY, 
JOHN KELSO. 

At the Brighton and Worcester Shows, Short-horned cattle 
received the highest commendation and the largest rewards. 



Oiiinion of a Committee of the Fhiladelphia JigriciiUural So- 
ciety in favour of Short -Iloims — Annual Meeting, 1827. 

Mr. Powel having exhibited one of his imported heifers of the 
Improved Durham Short-horn breed, the committee added, "she 
possessed, in a high degree, all the fine points for which that va- 
luable and beautiful breed of cattle is celebrated. — Notwith- 
standing she had been kept, thus far, through the winter without 
grain, she was in high condition ; the best evidence that could be 
oftered of her disposition to fatten on simple food," 

AARON CLEMENT, 
MICHAEL NEWBOLD, 
WILLIAM PHILIPS, 

Committee, 

Mr. Powcl adduced evidence of the dairy properties of certain 
families of the Improved Short-horned breed, among which were 
recent letters from Dr. Elmer, of New Jersey, and Mr. Carpen- 
ter, of Lancaster county. 



AT FOUR CATTLE SHOWS HELD BY THE PENN- 
SYLVANIA AND PHILADELPHL\ AGRICULTURAL 
SOCIETIES, FIFTY-SIX ANIMALS OF SIIORT-IIORNED 
BREED, TOOK PREMIUMS EQUAL TO SUGO, although at 
one of the shows, the principal herd of Short-horns did not con- 
tend for a prize. It is believed that in no instance has any 
THOROUGH-BRED individual of the Improved Short-horned breed 
been beaten by any animal, of any other breed, at any show in 
the United States. 
.•We are aware, that pattle with short horns, but without the 

PEDIGREE, PROPERTIES, Or POINTS of the IMPROVED BREED, al- 
though sometimes purchased at great cost, have been condemned 
as unthrifty, and ill adapted for American farms — and we are 
also aware that some of those, which have been imported with 
DEFECTIVE pcdigrccs, have been excelled, but they should not 
be received as specimens of the improved breed. 



From Bailey^s Survey of Durham, made by order of the British 
Jlgriciiltural Board. 

As a proof of the estimation in which this breed of Short-fiorned cattle is 
held, not only by skilful judges from distant parts of the empire, /)nt m itx 
otun immediate neighbourliood, it is merely requisite to adduce the catalogue 
of Mr. Charles ColHng's sale, which took place at Ketton, on the lllh of 
October, 1810, in consequence of his having declined business. 



Cherry, 11 years old, 
Kate, 4 years old, , 
Peeress, 5 years old, 

/^ J r> ,,„„«„ „1,1 



old, 



feeress, o years om. 
Countess, 9 years olu, 
Celina, 5 years old, 
Johanna, 4 years old, 
Lady, 14 years old, 
Laura , 4 years old, 
Cathleai, 8 years old. 



Comet, 6 years old, 
Yarborough, 9 years old, 
Cupid. Not sold. 
Major, 3 years old, 
JMayduke, 3 years old, 
Petrarch, 2 years old. 



COWS. 

Guineas. K 

83 \ Lily, 3 years old, 
35 5 Daisy, 6 years old, 
170 \ Cora, 4 years old, . 
400 J Beauty, 4 years old, 
200 ^ Red Rose, 4 years old, 
130 5 Flora, 3 years old, • 
206 \ Miss Peggy, 3 j'ears old, 
210 \ Magdalen, 3 years old, 
. 150 I 



Guineas. 

. 410 

. 140 
70 

. 120 
45 
70 
60 

. 170 



BULLS. 

1000 f JVorthumberland, 2 years old, . 
55 5 Alfred, 1 year old, by Comet, . 
J Duke, 1 year old, by Comet, . 
200 i Alexander, 1 year old, by Comet, 
145 \ Ossian, by Windsor, 
365 5 Harold, by Windsor, 



60 
110 

105 
60 
76 

50 



IIITTJ, f'ALVF.S. 

Guineas. Ciiivedf:. 

Kettnn, by Gomel, . . . 50 J JN'arcissns, . . . .15 

Yornig^ Favourite, . . . 140 / ^Ubion, 60 

Geors^e, . . . . . 120 > Cecil, 170 

Sir Dimple, . . . . 96 J 

HEIFEKS. 

Phcebc, 3 j'ears old, . . 105 \ Lucy, 2 years old, . . . 132 

Young Duclidfs, 2 years old, . 183 j Charlotte, .... 136 

Young Laura, 2 years old, . 101 < Jo/umna, .... 35 

Young Countess, . . . 206 j 

HEIFER CALVES. 

Lu cilia, 106 ^ liuby, 50 

Calista, . , , . . 50 ? Cowslip, ..... 25 

Jt'/iite Rose, . . . . 75 > 

The total amount of the 47 lots (one being unsold) is ^6073 4s. or nearly 
^130 each; 



To illustrate a remark in the prefatory letter, let it be sup- 
posed that a bull was sent to America, called "C, got by a son of 
B C," his dam by " B C ;" his g. d. by " P ;" his gr. g. d. by « N." 

The dam jpf the son of B C not being given, she was, most pro- 
bably, a common cow — the gr. gr. g. d. of C, on the female side, 
not being traced, it is to be presumed she was also a common 
cow — and the dam of P, which begat C's g. d. not being known, 
she was also, most probably, a common cow. 

Thus C's gr. g. d., on the female side, was half-blood — his g..d; 
by an half-bred bull, and out of an half-bred cow, was half-bred 
— his dam, by a full-bred bull, must be three-fourths bred — hence 
his sire being but half-bred, C can possess but 5-8ths of Improv- 
ed Short- Horn blood. 



THE ORIGIN 



IMPROVED DURHAM SHORT-HORNS. 



Extracts from "Improved Short-horns and their Pre- 
tensions," hy the Rev. Henry Berry, of Jicton Rectory, 
England — a gentleman distinguished not inerely as 
an interesting and scientific writer, but as a saga- 
cious breeder of cattle, who has gained on various oc- 
casions, honorary rewards for his Essays, as well as 
for his beasts. 

To the banks of the river Tees, separating the counties of 
Durham and York, reference is to be had for an account of 
the originals of the improved Short-horns, — There, upwards 
of eighty years ago, existed a breed of cattle, for a description 
of which the author is indebted to an old and celebrated 
breeder now living, — in colour resembling what is called the 
improved breed of the present day, except that the fashion- 
able roan was not quite so prevalent ; they are described in 
general character also to have differed very little from their 
descendants. Possessing a fine mellow touch, good hair, 
light offal, particularly wide carcasses, and deep fore-quarters, 
they were also justly celebrated for extraordinary proof when 
slaughtered, — resembling thus closely their descendants of 
the present day. * * * * 

From all the information which can be collected, it ap- 



Celebrated Male.i in M^d—Studley Bull, ^-c. 

pears that the breed of cattle thus described, was crossed 
with, and probably improved by, importations from the Con- 
tinent. Several spirited individuals, at that early period, had 
devoted much attention to the improvement of the breed of 
cattle then prevailing in the counties of Durham and York, 
and, amongst others, Sir William St. Quintin, of Scampston, 
imported cows and bulls from Holland. In due time, the 
produce ol these animals was more widely diffused, and, 
crossed with the best stocks of the country, which possessed 
the same characteristics, became distinguished as the Tees- 
water Short-horns, uniting, in a wonderful degree, good 
grazing and dairy qualities. * * * About eighty- 
five years have elapsed since Mr. Milbank devoted his atten- 
tion to this branch of rural economy. * * * * 
A cow, bred from his stock, and at that time tlio property of 
Mr. Sharter, of Chilton, slaughtered when twelve years old, 
having produced several calves, weighed upwards of one hun- 
dred and ten stones.* This cow was the daughter of the old 
Studky bull, one of the most celebrated ancestors of the im- 
proved Short-horns. He is described to the author by a per- 
son who often saw him, to have possessed wonderful girth 
and depth of fore-quarters, very short legs, a neat frame, and 
light offal. He was the grandsire of Dalton Duke, bred by 
Mr. Charge, and sold by him, at the then high price of fifty 
guineas, to Messrs. INIaynard and Wetherell, in whose pos- 
session he served cows, at half-a-guinea each. From the old 
Studley bull are also descended fflllican and Richard Bar- 
ker's, and Mr. Hill's bulls, all animals of the highest repu- 
tation in their day, and the originals of the improved Short- 
horns. * * ■ 

* ( H- 1 5 lU lbs. 



Celebrated Males — Hubhack, Sfc. 

Sir William St. Quintin imported several cows and bulls 
from Holland; and it may be added, that from him Sir James 
Pennyman, who possessed estates in the counties of York, 
Durham, and Northumberland, and was desirous to extend 
this breed further north, obtained the cattle necessary for his 
purpose. From these he presented six cows and a bull to 
Mr. George Snowden, of Hurworth. * * * * 
In the mean time, a person near Hurworth, having in his 
possession a cow which there was every reason to believe 
was bred from some of the stock which had been imported, 
she was on this account, and from her superior form and 
quality of flesh, thought worthy to be introduced to Snow- 
den's bull, and her produce afterwards became an object of 
celebrity as the bull Hubback. This cow, when removed 
from her usual pasture in the highways to good land near 
Darlington, became so fat that she did not again breed, and 
was consequently slaughtered. Her son evinced the same 
extraordinary disposition to fatten, and became useless; 
which was also the case with Bolingbroke, and several of 
Mr. Colling's best bulls, until he adopted the plan of keeping 
them in the lowest possible condition. * « * It 
shall suffice to remark, that in Mr. C, Colling's bull Fol- 
jambe, the Ikrningham and Hubback's blood were united ; 
that this bull was the great grand-sire of Comet, and ren- 
dered, by Mr. C. Colling's own account, the most essential 
service to his stock. Should the reader feel desirous to trace 
the pedigrees of the animals here mentioned, he is referred to 
" Coates's Herd Book,'' where every particular is faithfully 
stated. * * * * * 



DAIRY PROPERTIES 

OF 

IMPROVED DURHAM SHORT-HORNS. 



From tlie Rev. Henry Berri/'s Pamphlet. 

The Instances which are given as to milk, were obtained 
by the author on the spot; and though he would gladly have 
included any others, had they been furnished, it appears to him 
that no trifling force is afforded to his argument, b}'- the cir- 
cumstance of the cases which are set forth being derived from 
one stock, — irrefragable proof being thus furnished that they 
are not solitary instances, but happening in the regular course. 

The cows recorded, are the property of J, Whitaker, Esq.* 
of Greenholme, near Otley, and are of the most esteemed 
blood. [See Herd Book.'] They have given, and give, 
twice a-day, as follows: — 

YELLOW ROSE, AT THREE YEARS OLD, FOUR 
GALLONS TWO QUARTS, TWICE A DAY. 

YELLOW ROSE, AT FOUR YEARS OLD, FOUR 
GALLONS THREE QUARTS, TWICE A DAY. 

RED DAISY, FOUR GALLONS, TWICE A DAY. 
{She is the g. d. of Mr. PowePs Desdemona, and the g, d. 
of Mr. PoweVs Betty, on the male side.) 

* Mr. Whitaker has with singular liberality made great exertion to aid the 
selection of neat cattle and sheep for Pennsylvania, refusing on all occa- 
sions, when animals from liis fold were chosen, to fix tlie i)rices, leaving' 
them to be determined either by the agent in England, or by his friend 
in America. — Jim. Ed. 



Mr. fVhilaker's Dairy Short-horns. 

MAGDALENA, UPWARDS OF FOUR GALLONS, 
TWICE A DAY. 

WILDAIR, FOUR GALLONS, TWICE A DAY. 
{The Dam of Mr. PowePs Betty.) 

WESTERN LADY, THREE GALLONS TWO 
QUARTS, TWICE A DAY. ( The Dam of Mr. Pow- 
ePs Malcolm.) 

VENUS, SIXTEEN YEARS OLD, THREE GAL- 
LONS ONE QUART, TWICE A DAY. ( The g. d. of 
Mr. Power. 'i Volant e.) 

ALFREDE, THREE GALLONS, TWICE A DAY. 
{The g. d. of Mr. PoweV.^ Gloucester.) 

ADELA, FIRST CALF, THREE GALLONS, TWICE 
A DAY. {The Datn of the same.) 

YARM, THREE GALLONS, TWICE A DAY. ( The 
Dam of Mr. PowePs Yorkshire Belle.) 

THESE COWS ARE STEADY MILKERS, POS- 
SESSING GREAT INCLINATION TO FATTEN, 
AND MR. WHITAKER CANNOT BE TOO HIGHLY 
COMPLIMENTED ON HIS SUCCESSFUL EXER- 
TIONS TO COMBINE THE TWO QUALITIES. 
THE REMAINDER OF HIS STOCK WILL BE 
FOUND BY NO MEANS CONTEMPTIBLE AS 
MILKERS; BUT IT IS THOUGHT UNNECESSARY 
to REMARK UPON ANY ORDINARY QUANTI- 
TIES. 

WITHOUT ENTERING FURTHER INTO PARTI- 
CULARS, THIS SUBJECT MAY PROPERLY BE 
DISMISSED WITH A REMARK OF MR. C. COL- 
LING'S, THAT THE DUCHESS AND DAISY 
TRIBES, WITH WHOSE MERIT AS GRAZIER'S 



Proofs of Blood essential. 

STOCK, THE PUBLIC ARE WELL ACQUAINTED, 
WERE ALL GOOD IMILKERS, POSSESSING THAT 
VALUABLE UNION OF QUALITIES OF WHICH 
IT IS THUS OBVIOUS EVERY BREEDER OF 
SHORT-HORNS MAY AVAIL HIMSELF, WHO 
CHOOSES TO MAKE IT THE OBJECT OF HIS 
CARE. 

IT REMAINS FOR THE AUTHOR TO REMIND 
HIS READERS, THAT IT IS OF THE IMPROVED 
SHORT-HORNS HE WRITES, AND NOT OF THE 
GENERAL HERD OF CATTLE, WHICH ARE SOLD 
AS SHORT-HORNS, FROM THE NORTHERN DIS- 
TRICTS. * V . , 

[fmproxTil Shovt-hornn and their l^vete>isioni>, paifC 42. 

And it may be added, nor did he allude to those sent to 
America without pedigree, or claims to the properties of the 
hiu;h bred race. 

The success of Mr. Whitaker's breed in beating the Here- 
fords on various occasions, and particularly in 1524, when 
Wharfdale (by Enchantek, dam Miranda*) ^' beat^' all the 
Short-horns, and afterwards the field, as well as his triumph 
at the Doncaster show in 1825, when Matilda, by W^estern 
CoMET, beat Mr. Champion's, &c., proves that in points and 
feeding properties, his families of Short-horns are not less 
remarkable than in excellence for the churn. — ^hn. Ed. 

» Euchunlti- is the siro of Malculm — Western Comet was llic sire ol Wes- 
tern Ludj, Malcolm's dam. — (iVf Ihid Book.) 



mmwi m liSj^aiL^ sai-i^uifcas^ffa 



LAROE RETURNS FOR FOOD CONSUMED. 



A heifer, three years old, by a grandson of the old Stud- 
ley bull, bred by Miss Allen, of Grange, fed on hay and 
grass alone, weighed 1260 pounds. 

Mr. George Coates slaughtered a heifer, by Snowden's bull, 
the sire of Hubback, fed on turnips and hay, which weighed 
952 pounds, at two years and two months old. * * * 

Thus much for the Tees-water cattle, the originals of the 
improved Short-horns. » * * * 

From this breed of cattle, possessing such recommenda- 
tions, Mr. Charles Colling selected his original stock. * * 

Mr. Arrowsmith, of Ferryhill, who fed his Short-horns at 
two years old — 

In 1801, sold four for jC25 each, two steers and two 
heifers. 

1802, sold six for £17 10*. each, three steers and three 
heifers. 

1803, sold four for £17 0^. each. 

1804, sold six for £18 lOs. each. 

1805, sold six for £17 lOs. each, two steers and four 
heifers. * *,,,»* 

The time for selling from the beginning to the latter end 
of May. 

5^* 



Fat Cattle — Modes of Feeding. 

They were managed as follows : — In the first winter they 
got straw in a fold-yard, with nearly as many turnips as they 
could eat. In May they were turned to grass; in November 
put to turnips through the winter, and turned out to grass 
the first week in May. 

A twin heifer, belonging to Mr. Arrowsmith, calved the 
last week in April, being kept the first year as the common 
stock, was entered for a sweepstakes to be shown in June, 
when two years old, and was then put to grass, with other 
stock of the same age, in the usual pasture. In November 
she was estimated to weigh 392 pounds, when she was put to 
ruta baga, and hay and oil cake, of which she ate four hun- 
dred weight, with two bushels of bean-meal, and one bushel 
of barley. She went to grass on the first of May, and had, 
from that period, neither cake nor corn. On the 23d July, 
it was the unanimous opinion of the best judges, that she 
weighed 812 to 840 pounds, having gained 420 pounds in 
thirty weeks. * * * * 

Mr. Walton, of Middletown-in-Tees-dale, had been (in 
1808) in the habit of selling his steers at two years and a 
quarter old, for M20 to £30 each, their weight being from 
700 to 756 pounds. 

His mode of keeping is as follows: — The cows seldom 
calve sooner than April ; the calves get new milk for the first 
three weeks ; after that a moderate quantity of scalded skim- 
med milk, mixed with oil cake boiled in water, about two 
quarts of each, along with good hay, for about three weeks; 
after which they do very well in the pastures, without any 
kind of hand feeding, until the latter end of November, when 
they are treated in the same way as Mr. Arrowsmith's, and 
never get either cake or corn. 



Major Rudd's Steer — Cows — Deep Milking. 

Mr. Mason, of Chilton, in the course of an experiment to 
ascertain the weight of beef gained by the food given (tur- 
nips), found three steers, under three years old, to have 
gained 280 pounds each in twenty weeks. The three ani- 
mals averaged 980 pounds each. * » * 

A steer, bred by Mr. Simpson, of Aycliffe, and fed by 
Mr. C. Colling, on grass, hay, and turnips, weighed, when 
slaughtered, at four years old, 1890 pounds. * * * 

A cow, by Mr. Coates' bull Houghton, bred by Mr. Fol- 
jambe, and slaughtered at Sheffield, when twelve years old, 
weighed 1395 pounds. Both these animals appeared very 
small. 

Major Rudd, of Marton-in-Cleveland, obtained the pre- 
mium offered by the Cleveland Agricultural Society, in 1811, 
for the best steer, under three years old, fed on vegetable 
food.* The steer he exhibited was sold to the butcher for ten 
shillings per stone, and slaughtered when three years and 
thirteen days old: the weight of his four quarters 1344 
pounds. ***** 

Sir Charles Morgan's four years old ox, by Furioso, 
weighed, four quarters, 2058 pounds. 

That Short-horned cows, of the improved breed, having 
high pedigrees, and the greatest tendency to fatten, not only 
give a sufficient, but, in many cases, an extraordinary, quan- 
tity of milk, the preceding account of that breed has satisfac- 
torily shown; and the instances of the latter are sufficiently 
numerous to present to any person, desirous of combining the 
two qualities, the opportunity of selecting a stock productive 

for the dairy, and inferior to none for the grazier's use. 

^ * * * « 

* i. e. without corn, cake, or meal. 



Short -horns and Herefords compared. 

A Short-horned steer of Colonel Cooke's, fed on potatoes 
and straw, was slaughtered when two years and twenty-two 
days old. His four quarters weighed 1008 pounds. * * 

*' Dalkeith, Mid Lothian, Jan. I2th, 1824. 

" Sir, — 1 observed in your paper of the 22d December 
last, that an interesting exhibition of live stock had taken 
place at Smithfield ; the age and weight of some, you state as 
follows: 

" A Hereford ox, six years old, weighing one hundred 
and ninety-nine stones* six pounds. 

" A ditto, three years and nine months, weighing one hun- 
dred and forty-three stones two pounds. 

" In the same paper you take notice of some exhibition of a 
similar kind in this quarter. ***** 

" In reference thereto, I beg to state, that Mr. John Ren- 
nie, of Phantassie, produced at the show of fat cattle, before 
the East Lothian United Agricultural Society, in November 
last (of which I had the honour of being one of the judges), 
six steers of the pure Short-horn or Tees-water breed, from 
eighteen to twenty months old, for which the first premium 
for fat and symmetry was awarded. Three of the best he is 
keeping on for another year, to ascertain the improvement 
they will make, and the other three were sold to a friend of 
mine in Edinburgh; the dead weight, or four quarters, of one 
of these weighed one hundred and eighteen stones one pound, 
or 1653 pounds. 



• It may be proper, in this place, to remark, that whenever, throughout 
this work, the weight per stone is stated, the stone of fourteen pounds is 
intended, unless another rate of computation be particularly expressed. 



Short-horns and Herefords compared. 

^' The same gentleman presented at the Highland Society's 
competition of fat stock, in November last, several of the 
same breed, which also carried the premiums for symmetry 
and fat. Two of these I purchased, viz. — one aged two years 
and four months, four quarters weighing one hundred and 
fifty-three stones seven pounds, or 2149 pounds; and one aged 
three years and six months, four quarters weighing one hun- 
dred and sixty-nine stones seven pounds, or 2373 pounds. 
The last mentioned had (besides) thirty stones one pound, or 
421 pounds of rough fat, all Smithfield weight. 
Your most obedient servant, 

"William Plummer, 

" One of the judges of fat cattle, of the 

East Lothian Agricultural Society. 

" To the Editors of the Farmer'' s Journal 

Before this extract is dismissed from the reader's notice, 
let him apply the following test to the Hereford breeder's 
position and objection, and himself decide upon their title to 
public regard: — 

lbs. 
A Hereford ox, six years old, weighed - - - . 2792 
A Hereford ox, three years and nine months old - 2004 
A yearling Short-horned steer ------- 1652 

A Short-horned steer, two years and four months old 2149 

The Short-horns are uniformly docile, and gentle in the 
extreme, the bulls scarcely ever becoming mischievous, and 
the cows and heifers permitting access under all circum- 
stances, and for every needful purpose. The Herefords are 
the very reverse. 



Pedigree: esseyitial — 700 guiiieas for a Cow. 

MESSRS. COLLINGS HAVE FREQUENTLY SOLD 
COWS AND HEIFERS FOR 100/. AND BULL 
CALVES AT 100/. MR. CHARLES COLLING HAS 
REFUSED 500/. FOR A COW; AND IN 1807, MR. 
MASON REFUSED 700 GUINEAS FOR A COW. 

THESE GENTLEMEN LET BULLS OUT BY THE 
YEAR: THE PRICES FROM 50 TO 100 GUINEAS; 
AND THE PUBLIC ARE SO FULLY CONVINCED 
OF THEIR MERITS, THAT THESE CELEBRATED 
BREEDERS CANNOT SUPPLY THE DEMAND 
FROM THE PURE BLOOD, WHICH THEY ARE AS 
CAUTIOUS OF PRESERVING, AS THE AMATEURS 
OF THE TURF ARE THE BREEDS OF THEIR RACE 
HORSES, AND WHICH THE TAKERS OF BULLS 
ARE BECOME SO WELL ACQUAINTED WITH, 
THAT THE PRICES THEY GIVE, ARE IN PROPOR- 
TION TO THE GOOD QUALITIES OF THE INDIVI- 
DUALS, AND MERITS OF THEIR PROGENITORS- 
MORE REGARD BEING PAID TO THEIR PEDI- 
GREE THAN TO ANY THING ELSE; FOR THIS 
PURPOSE THEY HAVE BOOKS CONTAINING THE 
FULL PEDIGREE OF THEIR STOCK, SIMILAR TO 
THE STUD BOOK OF RACE HORSES, BY WHICH 
ANY PERSON WANTING TO PURCHASE ANY OF 
THEIR STOCK, OR TO HIRE BULLS, MAY SEE 
HOW THEY ARE DESCENDED. 

The Durham Ox was bred by Mr. Charles Colling, of 
Ketton, in the year 1796: his form and nice handling, indi- 
cated every disposition to fatten at an early age, and the ex- 
pectations entertained of him by the best judges, were not 



Durham Ox — Weight not determined by Size. 

disappointed: at five years old he was not only covered thick 
with fat upon all the principal points, but his whole carcass 
in a manner loaded with it, and was then thought so wonder- 
ful an animal, and so far exceeding whatever had been seen 
before, that he was purchased to be exhibited as a show, by 
Mr. Bulmer, of Harmby, near Bedale, in February, 1801, 
for 140/. : at this time he was thought to weigh 168 stones, 
his live weight being 216 stones, (14 lbs. to the stone): this 
did not arise from his superior size. 

Mr. Bulmer got a proper carriage made to convey him in, 
and after travelling with him five weeks, sold him and the 
carriage at Rotheram, to Mr. John Day, 



On the 4th of May, 1801, for - 
On the 14th May, Mr. Day could have 
sold him for . . . . 

On the 13th June, for . - . 
On the 8th July, for 



Mr. Day preferred keeping him, persuaded that his merits 
were such, as would insure him a greater return : but these 
prices are strong proofs of his very superior excellence, to 
whatever had been seen in those districts before. 

Mr. Day travelled with him nearly six years, through llie 
principal parts of England and Scotland, and arrived at. Ox- 
ford, in February, 1807, where, on the 19th, the ox by acci- 
dent dislocated his hip bone, and continued in that state until 
the 15th April, when he was obliged to be killed; and not- 
withstanding he must have lost considerably in weight, during 
this eight weeks of illness, yet his carcass weighed 



£' 


s. 


d. 


250 








525 








1000 








2000 









Twenij/-eight S/iort-horns sold for ^§22,948. 

sts. lbs. 

Four quarteiij 165 12 (14 lbs. to the stone.) 

Tallow 11 12 

Hide 10 2 

This was his weight at 11 years old, under all the disad- 
vantages of six years' travelling in a jolting carriage, and 
eight weeks of painful illness : had he been kept quietly at 
Ketton, and properly fed until seven years old, there is little 
doubt but he would have weighed more than he did at ten 
years old, at which age Mr. Day states his live weight to be 
nearly 34 cwt. or 270 stones. 

From which if there be taken for offal 50 ditto. 

Leaves the weight of the carcass 220 stones. 



Extract from the Memoirs of the Pennsylvania Agricultural 

Society. 

It appears by Bailey's Survey of Durham, that at Ceiling's sale 
in 1810, seventeen cows were sold for 2,802 pounds 9 shillings 
sterling — eleven bulls for 2,361 pounds— twenty-eight animals, 
thus produced §22,948 67. That Major Rudd paid 400 guineas 
for Lady of 9 years— for Lily 400 guineas— for Peeress 170 gui- 
neas— for Petrarch 375 guineas; that Messrs. Wetherill & Co. 
paid for Comet of 6 years, 1000 guineas. Mr. Champion, and 
Col. Mellish have since paid 450 guineas, for the services of 
Charles, during 2 years. A regular record is kept, in the Herd 
Book, of the pedigrees of the animals of pure blood. Although 
one hundred and forty breeders — 130 bulls and nearly 3000 heif- 
ers and cows, are enumerated in this volume, it will be seen, by 
Major Rudd's letter, that their cost continues to be as high as it 
was 17 years since. 



Mode of rearing — Food — Tu7mip<} — Straio. 



Extract of a Letter from a Gentleman distinguished as 
one of the 7nost successful breeders in England. 

" Mr. Whitaker's mode of rearing Improved Durham Short- 
horns is nearly the same, as that of the breeders in the north. 
Bull calves run with good nurses, until about six or eight 
months old: — from that age until about one year old, they 
have hay, turnips, and a little linseed cake, afterwards hay 
and turnips, or grass. 

"Heifer calves are taken from their dams when about three 
weeks old, are put to cows, giving about half the usual quan- 
tity of milk, or two calves are put to one cow "full of milk." 
With them, they run in the pastures until September, when 
they are put to " fog." So soon as the weather becomes se- 
vere, they have a shed, or house to run into, with straw and 
turnip tops, and sometimes a little linseed cake. The follow- 
ing summer they are put to grass, without any thing else, 
until the winter, when they have straw and turnips, as the 
dry cows; but when in milk they have straw, turnips, a little 
linseed cake, or a little bean meal: ^'for milk,''^ he observes, 
" we must have." Bean meal produces more milk than lin- 
seed cake, but cake answers better for producing flesh and fat. 
This method of rearing calves is found quite as economical 
as by the pail. 

"When the stock have fairly begun to feed, he considers it 
most profitable to give them as much of the. best food as they 
will eat, taking care that the food of all kinds is consumed 
before they have a fresh supply ; and that every thing about 
them is kept clean. 

"First in the morning a little hay is given, next a {^\v tur- 



Western Comet — Excellence as a Sire, 

nips, after, about six pounds of cake — in the afternoon, the 
same routine is observed. 

"No apology, I assure you, was necessary in addressing 
your letter of December last to me, on agricultural subjects. 
The perusal of it, and the book which you were so kind as to 
send, gave me great pleasure. My experience justifies me fn 
saying that I coincide with your observations in general. 
Comet certainly gained great celebrity, yethts produce were 
mostly unequal to himself. It is sf.'d 'like begets like,' but 
this bull never was the father of as g,ood a one as himself; it 
was otherwise with his sire. Favourite stamped all his off- 
spring as superior to himself — perhaps no bull ever begat so 
many good bulls and cows. 

•' Hubback stands first with most breeders, but from all I 

can collect from the oldest breeders, particularly Mr. , 

who has excellent judgment, and had a better opportunity of 
seeing the stocks of the Collings, Charges, Maynards, &c. 
than any other man, being at that time a breeder, and almost 
daily with .them, I believe the Studley White Bull was 

unequalled by any of his day. Mr. says he had the 

best and greatest fore-quarters he ever saw, with as great an 
inclination to fatten. Mr. Charge used him five or six years, 
and till of late years all his stock were descended from him. 

"I am happy to confirm your opinion, {I speak from long 
experience,) that selections may be made of good milkers 
from the purest blood. Mr. Whitaker is largely concerned 
in the cotton business, and having to provide milk for a 
large establishm-ent in 1810, he attended Mr. Charles Col- 
ling's sale. At the same time he saw a yearling bull at Mr. 
Charge's, which he bought, and afterwards named Western 
Comet. This bull, I may say, never begat a bad animal — 
they all proved great graziers, with the best backs, quarters, 
crops, &c. &c., of any I ever saw. 



Frederick — Western Lady, ^'C. 

"*I agree with you, that when a full blood dairy cow has 
rest, she will lay on fat as quick as the grazing tribe — conse- 
quently for most purposes, this kind is undoubtedly the best, 
and in the end most profitable. 

" Mr. Whitaker's Frederick* is much admired, and 
answers your description. His head is good — horn small 
and beautiful — neck fine — shoulders lay well — breast good 
and prominent — girth and crops good — barrel very good — 
hind qxiarters long and handsome — tail fine and tapering — 
huggins and flank extraordinary — touch mellow, and hide not 
too thin, with an excellent quality of meat under it — plenty 
of hair, mossy, &c. — and to conclude, he stands upon fine 
boned legs. 

^'I should prefer a cow yielding about three -gallons a meal 
(i. e. 24 quarts a day) ale measure, to one giving more. The 
best milkers have descended from the Daisys, Duchesses, 
and Wildairs. 

" When I was in search of a bull for you in March last, 1 

informed Mr. what I wanted. He replied^f I wanted 

one, I should go to Mr. Whitaker's fold, for we have no- 
thing so good in this country as Frederick's stock. 

"Western Lady exceeds all Mr. Whitaker has overbad, 
for both purposes, i. e. milking and feeding." 

Thus it appears from various sources, " that there is a dairy, 
as well as a grazing or feeding tribe of Improved Short- 
horns;" that the Studley Bull — Hubback — Foljambe — 
and Favourite, were the most celebrated bulls of their day 
— that yrow them have descended the very best animals of 
the race; and that to them, the breeders are most anxious to 
trace the origin of their Short-horn stock; and it will be found, 

* Frederick is the sire of Gloucester — Bolivar — Yolante — Yorkshire 
Belle — Lady Betty — and Desdemona. 



Deej) Milking — 24 to 32 quart fi per day. 

on reference to the Herd Book, thatSwowDEN's — Robson's — 
Waistell's — Brown's — Barker's — Smith's — Jolly's 
— Alcock's and Masterman's bulls, were the males from 
which tiicsc bulls were derived. 

It may be seen by the Rev. Mr. Berry's pamphlet — the 
foregoing extracts — and by other sources, that the Duchess, 
Daisy, and Wildair strains, are evidently those which are 
considered the most valuable for dairy purposes. And to the 
same pamphlet reference may be had to prove, how com- 
pletely this opinion is established, by the dairy troper- 
TiEs OF Mr. Whitaker's cows, many of them yielding 
from 24 to 32 quarts per da}'. 



Extract. 

" We have also examined the Durham Short-horned cattle. 
Wc have never seen animals better fitted for the yoke in 
gait; the bull, although appearing heavy from his round 
shape, moves with great vigour, and places his feet so accu- 
rately, that the tracks made with his fore feet, are occupied 
by his hind feet as he advances. The heifers also move with 
alacrity, and have very straight legs. 

" We are all dairj- farmers, and have visited Powelton at 
our own suggestion, to satisfy our minds as to the dairy pro- 
perties of the females. Wc do not hesitate to say that they 
have all the appearance of great milkers, having also yellow 
skins. We tiiink the heifers excel in these points, all which 
wc have seen. 

Lloyd Jones, Isaac W. Roberts, 

Paul Jones, David Roberts, 

John Roberts, Joseph Trasel, 

George W. Roberts, Isaac Heston. 
Philadelphid Comily, Jan. 10, 1826. 

[See Amcricun l-'uinicr, vol, 7, pajifc 361. 



ON THE 

PROFITS AND GENERAL ADVANTAGES 



ARISING FTIOM 



XBIPROVZSD BRZSEOS OF CATTUS. 



Forky (Penn.) September 23, 1826. 

Sir, — I write to give you some idea of my pro- 
gress in the stock way. and I can now speak 
largely of my profits arising from Yorkshire* and 
Hebe ;t enough to satisfy any farmer that they 
are much the most profitable investment of so 
much money that can be obtained. Within the 
last eighteen months, the services of Yorkshire 
have brought, according to an account kept by 
the person v»^ho has the charge of him at the 
farm, S200 clear of expenses. I have also one 
noble bull calf from Hebe, now eight months old, 

* YORKSHIRE, got by Mr. Carpenter's Lothario, dam an imported cow 
selected in England expressl}' for dairy purposes. 

Mr. Carpenter's Lothario, begotten in England by Mr. Ashcroft's George, 
dam Moss Rose, imported in 1821, by Fish and Grinnell. 

t HEBE, got by Rob Roy, dam by Sampson ; g. d. Betty ; gr. g. d. Old 
Betty. 

Hob Roy, got by Young Denton, dam Brindle by Mr. Lee's imported bull. 

Sampson, by son of Ossian, dam by Comet. 

H 



Pennsylvania Forest Lands adapted to Breeding. 

which I think I may value at S200. 1 have also 
twelve half bloods whicli I can dispose of a) fi*om 
S20 to S 10 each under a year old, making an 
income of at least S400 on a capital of about 
S400, and that capital itself improved one half 
moie in value. This is not mere paper prolit, 
but substantial value that can be tested, and 1 am 
well satisiied that with a little enterprise, every 
county in the state would afford three or four 
establishments as protitable as mine, and ol great 
public utility. 

Pennsylvania now pays a large annual sum to 
Viiginia, Kentucky, Ohio and New York, for the 
finer kinds of stock cattle. I am informed that we 
pay to New York alone not less than Si 50,000 
annually for cattle ; and owing to the ciicum- 
stance that breeders of cattle in tlie western parts 
of New York have, for some years past, attended 
to the selection and improvement of their stock, 
it finds a ready market, and commands one- 
fourth more per hundred, than cattle raised in 
the interior of Pennsylvania. We iiave vast bo- 
dies of waste lands in this state, even in our 
mountainous districts, which are well adapted, 
as the lands in New York, for rearing neat cattle 
and sheep, and certainly have the advantage in 
climate. I am persuaded, nothing more is want- 
ing to render us altogether independent of our 
more enterprising neighlDOure, than two or three 
years' attention to oiu' breeds of stock. 



Profits of good Breeds. 

Of all the differ e?it races of cattle to be found 
in Pennsiflvania^ none can compare with the Dur* 
ham Short-horns in the essential qualities of good 
stocky earhj maturity^ easy keep^ &c.; am! al- 
though it would be impossible for many indivi- 
duals to obtain the full blood, yet I am confident 
that a few full blooded males in each county, 
would soon realize handsome profits to the en- 
terprising owners, and in the course of a few 
years would perpetuate an improved stock to 
the exclusion of the miserable stunted race which 
now lumbers our farm yards. 

This, sir, is a subject of no common impor- 
tance, and if the great exertions and sacrifices 
you have made were properly seconded by the 
enterprise of our farmers, we should soon have 
reason to hail your introduction of this fine race 
into our state, as a most important era in our 
agricultural economy. 

I shall from time to time trouble you with an 
account of my improvements in the article of 
stock, and shall be happy in receiving any occa- 
sional hints on the subject that you may deem 
usefid. 

I am, very respectfully, 
Your obedient servant, 
Chaeles a. Barnitz. 

John Hare Powel, Esq, 

Cw. ft/ec'y Ve.nn. Jig, Soc, 



On Cattle for the Dairy and Stall. 

On the " dairy and feeding'' properties of Im- 
proved Short-horns, by Dr. Elmer, 

Bridgeton, (JV. J.) January 9th, 182r. 

Sir, — It affords me mucli pleasure to be able 
to communicate to you tlie result of my labours 
to improve my stock, and the liigb opinion which 
I entertain of the Improved Short-horns for the 
dairy and stall, confirmed by personal obsei'vation, 
and actual experience, with those in my posses- 
sion. 

In making a selection of animals for the pur- 
pose of improving my stock, I commenced by 
purchasing of Col. Powel, in the year 1823, a 
cow of one-fourth blood — the next year one of 
tliree-fourtl>s blood, and a full blooded male — 
since that, others of different degrees of blood, 
and some of pure blood, both male and female; 
thus gradually progressing from year to year 
through different grades of blood, until I have 
attained the pure stock . * In pui-suing this course, 
I have observed that the nearer I approached the 
pure blood, I found them to he more hardy, subsist 
on less, and keep in better condition on short pas- 
ture, than any of my other stock. From them I 

* JILT, got by Bishop, dam Lucinda by Young Denton ; g. d. Star ; gr. 
g. d. Milker. 

KATE, got by Bishop, dam by Sampson ; g. d. Betty ; gr. g. d. Old Betty. 

OSAGE, light roan, bull, calved in 182G, by Wye Comet, dam Virginia 
(See the pedigrees of Virginia and Wye Comet.) 

FLIRT, by Young Denton, dam Julia by Young Donton; g. U. an im- 
ported Devon cow. 



Dr. Elmer^s trial of Short-horns. 

have bred calves of the most promising appear- 
ance, and greatly excelling those of any other 
breed that I have seen. 

I have at this time three half blood yearling 
steers which are remarkable for size and condi- 
tion, very docile, and in their general appear- 
ance are superior to any other cattle in this part 
of the country. They gi^azed during the last 
season (from May until the middle of Novem- 
ber) on high land pasture, and continued im- 
proving so fast as to attract the attention of 
many of the neighbouring farmers, notwithstand- 
ing the severity of the drought, and the great 
annovance of the flies and moschettos wliich li- 
terally swarmed with us during the season. In. 
regard to their dairy properties^ they are equal to 
those of any other breed. 

I am, with much esteem. 
Yours, ^c. 

WlI.LIA>f E LMEK . 

John P. Milnor, 

Rec. Sec. Pemi. Js:. Soc. 



0?i the Excellence of Devon Cattle for the Yoke — 

On the superiority of Improved Shoj't-hornsfor 

the dairy and shambles, and their vigour and 

fitness for labour. By a successful practical 

farmer of Connecticut. 

Goshen, (Conn.) January 9,2d, 1827. 

Sir, — I live in a section of the country where 
the dairy forms a very conspicuous part of th( 



Mr. Towner on Devons and Short-horiu. 

income of the farmer, and where very consider- 
able attention is paid to the raising of cattle of 
the finest description, and possessing the most 
valuable and useful qualities. I have been ac- 
quainted whh a number of distinct breeds of cat- 
tle of English importation. I have been very 
intimately acquainted with Devons imported from 
M»^ Coke's stock in 1817, having myself pro- 
cured and kept some of the best blood in the 
possession of Messrs. Patterson and Caton, of 
Baltimore, importers of the stock. 

I have had considerable acquaintance with the 
Improved Durham Short-horned stock — have 
visited the farm of Mr. Powel, and viewed tlie 
stock in his possession, and by him imported — 
and do not hesitate to express my opinion de- 
cidedly in favour of that breed of cattle as pos- 
sessing more valuable and intrinsic qualities than 
any other which have ever come under my ob- 
servation. 

For the yoke I do not consider them superior 
to Devons, and yet I see no reason \\ hy they are 
not very well calculated for the labour of the 
yoke, as they certainly possess good constitu- 
tions, are vigorous in their motions, and walk 
with speed and facility. But for the more com- 
mon and useful purposes of fattening and the 
dairy, they far surpass any description of their 
species, coml^ining great symmetry of form with 
superior size — rapid gi'owth and an unusual apt- 



Mr. Carpenter^ s trial of Short-horns. 

ness to fatten. Such is my entire conviction of 
their great superiority and excellence, that I have 
procured a bull* from Mr. Powel's stock, with 
whose progress and improvement I am extreme- 
ly well satisfied. 

Very respectfully, 

I remain youi's, ^c. 

T. Towner. 

To the Secretary of the Pennsylvania Agricultural Society. 



Carpenter Hall, Lancaster, {Pennsylvania,) 
January 22rf, 1827. 

Dear Sir, — After a period of nearly five 
years in breeding Short-horned cattle, I venture 
to give my opinion, as far as my experience will 
allow. 

The crosses between the Short-horns and our 
native cattle, and the continuation with the Short- 
horns until we get seven-eighths or fifteen six- 
teenths of the blood, all appear to be well adapt- 
ed to our chmate, and are remarkable for the 
thickness of their coats.f Most of the Short- 



* WARWICK, calved in 1825, red roan (bred by Mr. Powel) got by Wye 
Comet, dam Belle, imported in 1824 (bred by Mr. Taylor) ; g. d. Lady (bred 
by Mr. Taylor) ; gr. g. d. by Comet. 

Belle's calf Beau, took the first premium at the Pennsylvania Cattle Show 
of 1825, and also a premium at the Cattle Show of 1826. 

[See Wye ComeVs pedigree. 

t Long and close hair is one of the characteristic marks of the Improved 
breed. 



Improved Hhort-horns ^' easili/ wintered." 

horn COWS that 1 have seen have all the marks 
of deep milkers. One of my half blood cows 
by Denton, brouglit forth a calf in May last, and 
the calf for some weeks continued to suck but 
two teats, both on the same side of the udder, 
which was one-half the milk. From the re- 
maining two teats, I saw draw n regularly every 
day two buckets of milk, containing about three 
gallons each. This cow got nothing but the 
grass, and grazed witli my other cows. 

The next thing to be considered is the fitness 
of these cattle for the shambles, of which I could 
not give an opinion without seeing some of them 
slaughtered, as it would be impossible to say 
how they would cut ; but as it regards their apti- 
tude to fatten, and their early maturity, 1 give it 
as my opinion, that they surpass every other 
breed of catde that I liave ever seen. My steers 
of three years old were perfectly fat last summer 
on the grass, and some rising two years were 
quite fat; they are much more easily wintered, 
and will feed much better on straw and rough 
food, than any other l)reed of cattle. 
I am, 6)X. 

Most sincerely yours, 
H. A. Carpenter. 



Eotlraordinary CoWj yielding tO| lbs. qf Butter per week 



Jonathan Roberts, Esq. 

President of the Pennsylvania Agricultural Society. 

Philadelphia County, May 31, ISSr. 

Dear Sir, — My residence, as you know, ad- 
joins Powelton. My intimacy with Mr. Powel, 
and ttie interest I take in his agricultural pur- 
suits, particularly in the breeding of live stock, 
have made me familiar with the details of his 
farm, and the management of his cattle. I en- 
close various depositions taken by George C. 
Lentner, Esq., of Blockley, showing that an im- 
proved Durham Short-horned cow, called 
Behna, produced milk between Thursday morn- 
ing the 24th inst. and Saturday evening the 26th, 
i. e. in three days, from which eight pounds thir- 
teen ounces of butter were obtained by the usual 
process^ at the rate of 20^ pounds per week. 

This cow has had no other food than slop of 
Indian meal, clover and orchard grass, and has 
yielded repeatedly by measurement, and so far 
as can be ascertained by the bucket, continues to 
yield, twenty-six quarts within the twenty-four 
hours. 

I carefully superintended the trial recorded, 
and sufficiently know the parties who were em- 
ployed in the operation^ to believe their statements^ 
independently of the ocular demonstration which 
I have had. 

I am, dear sir. 

Most faithfully yours, 

John P. Milnor, 

Kecordivg Secretary. 



Improved Short-horned Cow— product in Milk and Butter. 

Philadelphia County.^ ss. 

Personally appeared before me the su])scriber, 
one of the Justices of the Peace, in and for the 
County aforesaid, Thomas Morrison, who being 
duly affirmed according to law, deposeth and 
saith — 

That he has been employed as foldman at 
Powelton for neaily nine years; that he has 
milked the cow called Belina, since she was im- 
ported in 1825; that he has never seen nor 
heard of any extraordinary management, either 
of this or of any other cow, nor of the milk upon 
the Powelton farm; that all the jnilk given by 
Belina, from Thursday morning the 24th ult. 
until Saturday evening following, was drawn and 
kept separately; tliat no mistake could be made, 
as all the cows which were not dry, had been, 
and are yet, upon distant meadows, excepting 
Belina, and another, whose milk supplied her 
calf, a month old, running at her side, and the 
family, during the time mentioned, which milk 
was always sent immediately into town from the 
field. 

Affirmed before me this first day of June, in 
the year of our Lord one tliousand eight hun- 
dred and twenty-seven. 

George C. Lentner. 



Philadelphia County, ss. 

Personally appeared before me the subscriber, 
one of the Justices of the Peace, in and for the 
County aforesaid, Sarah Sterhng, who being duly 
affirmed according to law, deposeth and saith : — 

That she received from Thomas Morrison 



Depositions on the product of an Improved Short -horned Cow. 

Belina's milk from Thursday morning the 24th 
inst. until Saturday evening following; that it 
was merely strained and put into common milk 
pans in the Spring House, from which every 
drop of milk had been previously removed; that 
there could be no mistake, as the key of the 
Spring house door was kept by her, and no per- 
son was allowed to enter, excepting witli her; 
that several persons on the farm daily counted 
the milk pans, and noticed all that was done. 

Affirmed before me this thirty-first day of 
May, in the year of our Lord, one thousand eight 
hundred and twenty-seven. 

George C Lentner. 



Philadelphia County^ ss. 

Personally appeared before me the subscriber, 
one of the Justices of the Peace, in and for the 
County aforesaid, Maria Sturgis, who being duly 
affirmed according to law, deposeth and saith: — 

That on Monday night the 28th inst. she 
skimmed the milk which Sarah Sterling had re- 
ceived from Thomas Morrison between Thurs- 
day morning and Saturday evening immediately 
preceding; that she churned it the next day 
(Tuesday) and ol)tained eight pounds and tJiir- 
teen ounces of butter, which was weighed by Mr. 
Milnor in her presence. 

She further saith that slie measured, on Wed- 
nesday the 30th inst., a quart of cream taken 
from Belina's milk, that she churned it, and ob- 
tained one pound five ounces and a quaiter of an 
ounce of butter, which was also weighed by Mr. 
Milnor in her presence. 

Affirmed before me this thirty-first day of 



Extraordinary Cream of an Improved Short-horned Cow. 

May, in the year of our Lord, one thousand eiglit 
hundred and twenty-seven. 

George C. Lentner. 



Extract from the M'mutes of the Phieadelphia 
Society for promoting Agriculture, May 

15, 1827. 

John Hare Powel having presented some 
crean), accompanied by the following statement, 
R. Haines, Esq., was ap[)ointed by the Chairman 
to ascertain, by a stop-watch, the time necessary 
to convert it into butter. Whereupon he report- 
ed that it required tlu'ee seconds, which was re- 
ceived unanimously, as the members witnessed 
the fact. 

II. Haines stated that he had questioned the 
servants, and was satislied that no preparation 
had been required. 

The cream was produced from an Improved 
Durliam Short-liorncd cow, bred by J. Whitaker, 
Esq., of Ikuley, England, and now in the posses- 
sion of John Hare Powel, Esq. 

W. S. Warder, Secretary. 

Philatlelph'u, .Jino. 31, lvS27. 

"This cream was skimmed by me on Sunday 
morning, from milk which was taken from the 
cow on Saturday evening. It had stood from 
eight o'clock until seven the next morning. No- 
thing was done to it but as common. I strained 
it with the milk used for the family, and placed 
it in a common milk pan in the vault. 

"EiJZA Tausias." 



Extraordinary Cream of an Improved Short-horned Cow. 

From Wilson Jewell^ M. D. 

West Philadelphia, June 11, 1827. 

John P. Milnor, Esq. 

Dear Sir — It affords me pleasure to answer 
your polite note, dated the 8th inst., and I do not 
hesitate to add my testimony for the correctness 
of the statement published a few days since, in 
reference to the Improved Short-horned Durham 
Cow, owned by J. H. Powel, Esq. 

Attracted by an account of so extraordinary 
and novel a nature, 1 visited Powclton, in com- 
pany with two of my friends, and had the grati- 
fication of converting cream into butter in less 
time than two minutes,* in a teacup, aided by a 
spoon. TJie cream was of the consistence of 
curd, and the quantity of milk shown, Ijeing the 
morning's production from one cow, as far as I 
was competent to judge, appeared little short of 
fourteen quarts, far exceeding my most sanguine 
expectations, both as regards richness and quan- 
tity. Very respectfully, your friend, 

Wilson Jewell. 

Fro7?i the Rev. Joseph H. Kennard. 

Hamiltonville, June 16, 1827. 

John P. Milnor, Esq. 

Respected Sir — My visit to Powclton, in com- 
pany with Dr. Jewell and Rev. D. Jones, was 
short but very gratifying; every thing we beheld 
gave us the impression, tliat the proprietor was 
judicious in his plans and persevering in their 
accomphshment. 

With regard to my convictions of the truth of 
what has been published in relation to the extra- 

• It required, on this occasion, a longer time than usual, as the creann w«i 
very fresh. 



On the Saccharum of the Sweet Potato. 

ordinary cow, I am free to say, that from all I 
saw, and from the statement of Mrs. Sturgis, the 
accoimt published in the Saturday Evening Post, 
of the 9th inst., appears to be a correct statement 
of facts. 

And further, it appears of the greatest impor- 
tance to the interests of our farmers, that the Im- 
proved Durham Short-horned breed of Cows be 
extensively propagated. 

Cordially wishing Col. Powel success in his 
laudable efforts, I am Sir, very respectfully, yours, 

Joseph H. Kinnard. 



On the Saccharum of the Sweet Potato (Convol- 
vulus battatas). 

By Robert Hare, M. D. 
Professor of Chemistry in the University of Pennsylvania. 

Dr. Tidyman. of South Carolina, lately 
supplied me ^^ith some sweet potatoes, of a 
kind in ^^ Inch sweet matter is peculiarly abun- 
dant, and requested that 1 would ascertain if 
there were any sugar in them. Having pared, 
and by means of the instrument used tor slicing 
cabbages or cucumbers, reduced them to very 
thin slices; aI)out a pound was boiled in alcohol 
of the specitic gravity of .8 15, which appeared 
to extract all the sweetness, yet on cooling yield- 
ed no crystals of sugar. I'he solution being 
subjected to distillation, till the alcohol was re- 
moved, an uncrystallizable syrup remained. In 
like manner, when aqueous infusions of tlie po- 
tatoes were concentrated, by boihng or evapo- 



Sweet Potatoes — mode of preparation for Beer. 

ration, the residual sirup was unciystallizable. 
It appears therefore that the sweet matter of this 
vegetable is analogous to molasses, or the sac- 
charum of malt. 

Its resemblance to the latter was so remark- 
able, that I was led to boil a wort, made from 
the potatoes, of proper spissitude, say s. g. 1060, 
with a due quantity of hops, about two hours. 

It was then cooled to about 65 degrees, and 
yest was added. As far as I could judge, tlie 
phenomena of the fermentation, and the result- 
ing liquor, were precisely the same as if malt 
had been used. The woit was kept in a warm 
place until the temperature 85 F. and the fall of 
tlie head showed the attenuation to be suffi- 
cient.* Yest subsequently rose, which was re- 
moved by a spoon. By refrigeration a further 
quantity of yest precipitated, from which tlie 
liquor being decanted became tolerably fine, for 
new beer, and in flavour, exactly like ale made 
from malt. 

I have computed that five bushels, of potatoes, 
would produce as much wort as three bushels of 
malt ; but I suppose that the residue would, as 
food for cattle, be w orth half as much as the po- 
tatoes employed. 

I believe it possible to make as good liquor 
from malt in this country, as in England, but that 
in our climate much more vigilance is required 
to have it invariably good, principally because 
the great and sudden changes of temperature, 
render malting much more precarious. Should 
the saccharum of the sweet potato, prove to be 
a competent substitute for that of germinated 

* In passing to this state, there should be a loss in gravity ut' about 4 per 
cent. 



Sweet Potato Vest, fitted to raise Bread. 

grain, the quality will probably be less variable, 
since its development requires but little skill and 
vigilance. 

Besides, as it exists naturally in the plant, it 
may be had where it would be almost impossi- 
ble to make, or procure malt. Hops, the other 
material for beer, require only picking and dry- 
ing to perfect them for use. 

They are indigenous in the United States, and 
may no doubt be raised in any part of our terri- 
tory. 

I have dried in my evaporating oven, some of 
the sweet potatoes in slices. It seems to me 
that in this state they will keep a long while, and 
may be useful in making leaven for bread. 
They may take the place of the malt necessary 
in a certain proportion, to render distiller's wash 
fermentable. The ycst yielded by the potato 
beer, appeared in odour and flavour, to resem- 
ble tliat from malt beer surprisingly, and the 
quantity, in proportion, was as great. In raising 
bread it was found equally efficacious. 

I propose the word suavin, from the Latin 
suavis, sweet, to distinguish tjie sirup of the 
sweet potato. The same word might, perhaps, 
be advantageously applied as a generic appella- 
tion to molasses, and the uncrystaUizable sugar 
of grapes, of lioney, and of malt. 

Crystallizable sugar might be termed saccha- 
rin, since tlie terminating syllable of saccharum 
is appropriated in chemistry to metals. 

John Hare Powel, Esq. 

Cor. Sec^ry of the Pennsylvania Jigricultural Society. 



Dairy Short-horns — Cream, SfC. — Tried in America. 

American Proofs of Dairy Properties. 

Philadelphia, 5d Mo. 1, 1826. 

Esteemed Friend, 

I thank thee for the pitcher of cream, the pro- 
duct of one* of thy Short-horned Cows. No 
sti'onger proof of the value of that family of ani- 
mals for the dairy, need be furnished, than the 
specimen before me. A portion of tlie cream 
was subjected to friction, by means of a spoon 
and plate, and it yielded butter of fine flavour, in 
rather more than a minute. 1 could scarcely 
credit, vv^hat my own hand had effected. The far- 
mers of our country will surely adopt tliis pro- 
fitable race of stock, for the introduction of 
which into Pennsylvania, they, as well as our 
fellow citizens generally, are indebted to thy 
practical judgment, and disinterested zeal. 
With great regard and respect, 
I am, ^x. 

Roberts Vaux. 
John Hare Powel, Esq. 



From Dr. Harris, Vice President of the Pennsyl- 
vania Agricultural Society. 

Chester County, Jipril 2, 1826. 

Jonathan Roberts, Esq.. 

President of the Pennsylvania Agricultural Society. 

Dear Sir, — The interest you take in all mat- 
ters connected with the improvement of farm 



It was from three cows. 
B 



Dairy Short-horris — Trial of their Cream. 

Stock, makes it unnecessary for me to apologize 
for giving a detail of an experiment to test the 
richness of cream afforded by Mr. Powel's Im- 
proved Short-horn Cows. 

The cream was evidently fresh, and was stated 
to have been taken from milk twenty-four hours 
old. It was converted into butter in my pre- 
sence, in a quarter of a minute, whilst I held the 
watch in my hand, although it had been skun- 
med but lialf an hour. 

I have interrogated the person by whom it had 
been skimmed, and under whose inspection the 
milk had been deposited. 

I am satisfied from her statement, and that of 
the person on the farm, that no extraordinary 
care, nor management, nor food, have been em- 
ployed to produce sucli result. 

Very truly, yours, 

Wm. Harris. 



Letter to the Editor of the New England Farmer. 

My residence adjoins Powelton. I visit it al- 
most daily. I have duiing nearly five years 
been in the habit of inspecting the stock. I am 
famihar with all the arrangements of the farm, 
and have in the present instance, interrogated 
the foldman. The cream to which Mr. Vaux 
adverts was produced by three cows — one 



Mr. Whitaker's Short-horns, tined in America. 

of them Belina, noted in the certificate of the 
keeper of the Herd Book to have given daily 32 
quarts in England — another, the second best 
milker on the farm, none of them having been 
fed at any time in an extraordinary way. Be- 
lina has a large fat male calf, produced in Fe- 
bruary, constantly at her side, and which, at 
this time* cannot take all the milk, although the 
pasturage is so bare from the excessive drought, 
that two Maryland farmers yesterday observed 
it was like that of Cecil county. They have no 
other food than that which it affords. 

Similar experiments to that made by Mr. 
Vaux, were made by myself, Dr. Harris, and se- 
veral others. From Mr. Vaux most probably, 
not having been directed as to the mode of ap- 
plying the friction, the butter was not obtained 
so rapidly, as in other instances. I saw it pro- 
duced in less than ten seconds. The cows had 
been fed upon bran, what is generally called 
shorts at the Pennsylvania mills, (mth twenty 
double bushels of which, two bushels of corn 
meal had been mixed), small portions of mangel 
wurtzel, and orchard grassf hay. The milk was 
drawn night and morning, simply deposited in 
pans, in a deep cold cellar, having been subjected 
to no other treatment than that of straining and 
skimming. It may be proper to observe that 
Mr. Powel jocosely remarked he did not flatter 

* May 23d. \ Cocks-luot. 



Cattle for general Purposes. 

himscir, that this cream if amalganiated in a 
churn witli the cream of other cows, would, Ukc 
the Aklerney cream, come first,* nor w ould he 
imply that all Short-horn cows are good milkers, 
nor that such extraordinary propeilies are 
often to he found in the hest trihcs of tlie Im- 
proved Short-horns, hut tluit they are hetter fit- 
ted for the general purposes of the country than 
any race whh which he is acquainted, and that 
certain families of Improved Short-horns are 
deep milkers. 

He further remarked that it wiis not the value 
of a wool hearing, nor hutter yielding hrute, but 
the " SOUNDNESS OF iiis oriNioNs," he was anx- 
ious to establish, and that he firndy believes that 
there are various " native cattle," as tliey are 
called, of excellent properties, with which, (as 

• Extract of a Letter from Reuben Haines, Esq. of Germantou-n. — " I have 
long been of the opinion, that in England particularly, the great breeding 
country, whence we derive our (inest slock, too much attention was paid, 
and vast sums oxpendcil, in tiie vain endeavour to procure a race that shall 
f xcel in all the three great points of " the i)ail, the yoke, and the knife," as 
they are technically termed; and whilst other gentlemen were selecting the 
finest forms to feast the eye, and a carcass, which if well fed, would grow 
to an enormous size, I wanted a small animal, whose carcass was too valuable 
for beef,f that would subsist on a small quantity of food, bear the heat and 
drought of our sunmicr and autumn, and produce the greatest quantity of 
rich and delicious butter, in proportion to the food consumed. • » • 
One remarkable property of the cream of the Aklerney cow is, the readi- 
ness with which it is converted into butler. The week in which we kept it 
separate, " it came," as the phrase is, in five minntes; and in churning it, 
mixed with the cream of other cows, we usually have had the Alderney but- 
ter come first, ^ be taken out of the churn, and the operation continued half 
an hour or more before a second gathering of butter has taken place." — 
Mem. f'enn. .Ii^. Soc. pp. 20, 22. 

\ If the carcaSvS be too valuable for beef, how is it to ))i' used ? 
; Hv what means could this be asrertaint'd .'' — Kn. 



Excellence of Jlalf-Brccds. 



I know,) he has nuidc i^Tcat cn'orts, and at no 
small expense, to have erosses by means ol 
imj)rovcd bulls. 

-huiN 1*. MiLNOK, 

Ih'C. Si'.c. Peun. Jiir. Sor 



Extract of a Letter' from Colonet lAoyd. 

Talbot County, (Mnryland,) f^Vyc House, May ?>, 1 8i25. 

My DtiAii Sir, — Many ol'my hall'bred (Cham- 
pion heilers,* (now two years old,) have, had 
calves this spring, and, contrary to my expecta- 
tion, arc 50 per cent. su[)erior tor milk to any 
breed I have ever liad. Tliey have liad only tiie 
Tare otthe common cattle on my estate. All oi' 
tlie mixed blood are so much superior to my 
coimnon stock, that I consider myself well paid 
for my purchase,! I)y tlie nvixed blood alone 
which I have reared. My haJi' l)l()od younp; bull 
which you admired^ is now a noble animal. 

I luive given my mixed Devons a lair trial 
wiUi my mixed Short-liorns, and it would be; 
only necessary ibr the most ])rejudiced or scep- 
tical to sec them to decide in favour of the 
Shoit-horns. In size and form tliere is no com- 
parison, and the Shoit-horns are vastly sui)crior 
for milk. 

Yours, truly, 

EnwAito Li.oviK 
John I[aj<k IN>\vki., Ks(i. 

* Cliaiiipion, an improved Diiiliiiin Sliort-liorn Ijtill. 

f i'A)\. I.loyil piiiil 5^1500 rorlhrcc lni|iruv((l Sliorl-liunis, Iwo yciirs old 



Milking Properties — Temper, Sec 

Bucks County, Februai'y 2, 1825. 

Dear Sir, — It is now about three months 
since I purchased of you a cow and bull calij 
since wlicn, I have given great attention to them, 
in order to ascertain their value as compared 
with the common cattle of the country, and have 
come to tlie following conclusion: 

The cow, considering her age, (3 years) and 
the food to which, at this season, she is necessa- 
rily restricted, is a deep milker — the most so of 
any animal in my possession — a small consumer, 
and easily kept fat, (surprisingly so, taking into 
view the quantity of milk yielded,) and is per- 
fectly gentle and docile in her disposition. 

The bull, without any extraordinary keep, is 
much larger than calves of his age, and in his 
form and appearance more resembles a grown 
steer than calves of his age (7 months). He 
keeps very fat upon a moderate allowance, and 
like the cow, is extremely docile. I feel per- 
fectly satisfied that the Improved Short-horns will 
keep in fine order upon the same quantity of 
food which, when given to animals of three- 
fouilhs their weight, will not be found sufficient 
to produce the same effect. This I state from 
actual experiment, and consider the observation 
perfectly just, as applied not only to my own 
animals, but to the breed generally. 



Quality of Butler. 

My improved stock have been viewed by a 
number of my neighbours, and have been uni- 
formly admired, and as you know, from my ex- 
perience of their vahiable properties, I have 
been induced to increase the number by addi- 
tional purchases from among your very extraor- 
dinary stock. 
John Hare Powel, Esq. 

Cor. Sex^y Penn. Ag. Soc. 



Extract of a letter from Henry Jl. Carpenter^ 
Esq.^ an extensive practical farmer, in one of 
the most fertile^ and best cultivated parts of 
Pennsylvania^ to the Corresponding Secretary 
of the Pennsylvania Jigrimltural Society. 

Lancaster County, June 14, 1823. 

Dear Sir, 

The two half blood heifers by the Short-horn 
bull Denton, which you stated had calved last 
July, produced through the course of last w inter, 
butter of a better quality^ than any I ever saw 
made in the month of May, and it was always 
obtained in about ten minutes churning. One 
of these heifers produced a calf the begimiing of 
June; the other (the three year old,) has sup- 
plied nine lal)ouring men all spring with a suffi- 
ciency of milk, and butter once a day; which 
production exceeded that of a fresh milch cow 



Milking and Feeding Properties. 

of the common stock, which / had selected with 
great care, and proved to be as good a milker as 
the neighbourhood conld prodiice. 1 am sorry 
that I cannot give you an accomit of the produc- 
tion of Ixitter from the imported cow Moss Rose, 
in a given time, as her calf had got so old hefore 
the trial was made, that it would not take to 
other co\\ s ; but I do not hesitate to give it as 
my opinion, that twelve or fifteen pounds of but- 
ter of the finest quality, can be made from her 
in one week, as she possesses the power of se- 
creting rich milk, in a greatei' degree than any 
animal I have ever seen. I expect that tliis is 
enougli to satisfy you, that as milkers, tlie Dur- 
ham Sli(^rt-horns are not to be surpassed. The 
bulls arc docile and quick feeders. 



From Mr. Joseph Kersey. 

Chester County, 2d Month IQth, 1825. 

I purchased an half l)red improved Durham 
Short-] loni bull, wliich 1 sold at pu])lic vendue 
for one hundred dollars, and I am happy to 
learn that he has had, during the last season, 
near one hundred cows. His docility, his apti- 
tude to fatten upon little provender, are admira- 
ble. 1 luised two of his calves, ■^^ hich, when 
four weeks old, were generally supposed to be 
two months old, from their being so remarkably 
fleshy and well gro^^ n, although they had not 



f'alue of Improved Breeds. 

rec(jived any thing but the milk from their dams. 
Robert Clemmens raised one from a cow that 
would not weigh more than three hundred 
pounds. He killed the calf at six months old, 
the meat of which weighed three hundred and 
thirty -four pounds, for which he obtained 4en 
cents per pound. 

There was a cow exhibited at the Paoli; her 
calf was, at that time, one year and three days 
old, and had been kept from her for one night, 
and the next morning I mUked from her at least 
two gallons of beautiful rich milk, and owing to 
her not being accustomed to being milked, it 
was impossible to get it all from her. 

Taking this breed in every point of view, I 
consider them better adapted to the use of farm- 
ers than any other breed I am acquainted with. 
They arrive at maturity early, feed quick, arc 
good milkers, and are exceedingly kind and do- 
cile; they have more weight in the most impor- 
tant points, viz: the standing ribs, the sirloin, the 
rump, ^c, and have much less offal than cattle 
in common. Take one of this breed, and ano- 
ther of the common kind, of equal weight; 
slaughter them and sell them at the different 
prices the different pieces command in the mar- 
ket, and it ^\ ill be found that the Short-horn will 
j'eturn considerably the most money, merely be= 



Juxpvoveti Short-horns —tJght Offal — Det'it Milking. 

caiwc it has more of the hiu;h piiciMl pieces, and 
IcHS olllil. 

I am, verv truly, thy IVieiul, 

JoHi:i'ii KmtsKY. 
John V. Mii.nok, 

//fr. iSVi'j/ Venn. A^. Soc. 



I'roiii Davit! Coin/cr/, t>/ PliihuU'lphui i'mnthi. 

Ui'iseijeTMi* Kitii:Ni>, — I ha\e this morning 
8ceii the *'()\\ (o which Josi^ph Kersey aUudes in 
the Ibreuioinu; UMter. She has all tlu; appearaiu.e 
of a deep milker. Her eall' has heeii miiniuu; at 
her side, I am assured, from its hirth; it ap|)ears 
healthy ami ol" t^cjod si/.e; it sucked, I aui as- 
sured, last nii;ht aiul this moruiuii;. The cow 
was also milkt (I last niu;ht. She yieldiul this 
moruiuii;, in my presence, in addilion io tJie cou- 
Humption ol the call', a (|uantity of rich milk 
which I supp<»sc (() he ecjual to ahout eiii;ht 
quarts. My Ijusine^ss is that of a practical liuin 
er. I have therefore pmchased her calf of the 
last year, at a laru;e price, with a view of raising 
an<l improvinu; (lairif cattle. I think (he other 
cows on the farm of the improved hreed, luivc 
also the appearance of deep milkei-s. 

O.Win Co.Hl'OHT. 

John IV Mii.Noit. 



From Charlrs Ji. liariutz^ A'.sv/. 

Vuvk, rmn., May 23rf, 1 H2.1. 
I)i:aii Hih, 
Kiiowin*!; the jjjrcat intcicMt. you Iccl in all things 
ic'lalin^ to our stock ol" cutth;, it givf« met plca- 
suic. to inlbrni you ol" the ilatt(^»in^ [irospcctH I 
have; in the increasing ex<x*llence of the Im- 
proved Duiiiani Slioit-horns, which were obtain- 
ed last spring. Yoi'kshire was nine months, and 
Mehe firte(;n months old, when they were pro- 
cured; I hav(* now had them one year, and their 
in)])iovement in si/e and heauty surpasses every 
thing (>r tile kind that has heen known in this 
county. We have a ricli valley, fiiglily culti- 
vated, extending through York county, and al- 
most evGvy farmer has one or two choice cows 
of the native stock, which he considers of a su- 
perior kind; hut from all that I have seen in my 
own examination, (and I liave token pains in tlie 
matter,) as well from what I heai*, they fall far 
short of H(ihe in b(;auty, size, shape, and other 
points of value. Karly last summer I ohUinwl 
from a neighbouring farmer a beautiful heifer of 
the native stock, of the finest shape and promise, 
and of the same age with Hebe. I kept tljcm 
together u})on the same i'vAt(\ until new year, 
when the difference was so great, that allowing 
for a small original difference in hi7a\ Hebe ap- 
peared at least two years ahead in inifirovenieni. 



Supet'ioriiy of Improvtd Stock. 

Yorkshire is an uncommonly fine animal, aiul 
although not two years old, has the weight and 
size of tlie best common bulls at fiye years old. 
The great breadth and perfect symmetry of his 
frame is most extraordinary; his skin is covered 
with a coat of hair almost as fine as fur, and his 
fine handling shows an elasticity, which in the 
course of another year will advance him to the 
first rank of fine animals. 

Our farmers, who generally know the leading 
points of good stock, have formed the highest 
opinion of this breed, and all agree on the great 
importance of extending them as rapidly as pos- 
sible. — The great difficulty of obtaining them, 
and the high prices they command, will for some 
years retard the progress of the full blood; but 
even the half blood, which almost every farmer 
may obtain, must make a sensible improvement 
in the course of two or three years. 

The calves got by Yorkshire when he was 
only a year old, from common cows, indicate the 
great superiority of the breed in a remarkable 
degree. A heifer calf, got by him on a common 
cow, was lately sold for 820, when common 
calves of the same age and best appearance, will 
not command five dollars. 

1 hope, my dear sir, your exertions to pro- 
mote the improvement of our farm stocks, may 
b» rewarded as well in value as in what I know 
to be much more gratifying to you, the satisfac- 



Improved Short-horns — Quantity and Qiialily of Milk. 

tion of contributing so largely to the substantial 
wealth and comfort of your fellow citizens. 
I am, very respectfully, 

Your obedient servant, 
Charles A. Barnitz. 
John Hare Powel, Esq. 



Extract from a communication^ made by his Ex- 
cellency Levi Lincoln^ Governor of Massachu- 
setts — President of the Worcester County Jign- 
cultural Society, 

(Memoirs Pennsylvania Agricultural Society, p. 14.) 

"Upon the subject of Denton's progeny, I 
should fear to write to any one less observing 
and sanguine than yourself. With nineteen of 
them, of different grades and ages, in my pos- 
session, I can safely say, that my most confident 
anticipations have been entirely answered. I 
have now seven heifers in milk, four of them 
3 years, and three 2 years old, and for richness in 
quality and abundance in quantity, they are not 
excelled by the very l)est cows of any age, of 
the native stock. A heifer of 3 years, with her 
second calf, has not been dry since slie dropped 
her first, having given four quarts on the morn- 
ing of her second calving. 

" Next to the Merino sheep, I consider the 
introduction of the Short-horns, in the blood of 



Hardiness — Dairij Qualities. 

Benton^ as the riciiest acquisition to the country 
which agriculture has received. For the dairy 
and the stall I speak with tlie utmost confidence 
of tlieir pre-eminence. From my tlii'ee years 
old heifers I have calves of the most promising; 
appearance, and greatly excelling any 1 have be- 
fore seen. One of the heifers gives from 1 6 to 
20 quarts of the richest milk, by tlie day, since 
calving ; the other a little less, from the circum- 
stance of having been in milk continually for 
more than a year; but her milk is in no degree 
inferior in quality. The last season she gave 
eleven quarts at a milking, with grass only, and 
this not unfrequently. They keep as easily as 
the native stock, and are as hardy. I have this 
year a three-fourths heifer calf from a Jialf blood 
of Denton by Mmiral, the famous bull sent out 
by Sir Isaac Coffin last year, to the Massachu- 
setts Agricidtural Society, and two others by tlie 
celebrated bull -Cielebs'" on Denton's half blood. 
They are fine promising animals, although in no 
respect superior to the tkree-foiirths of Denton. 
I Iiave no knowledge of tlie properties of this 
stock for labour, never having altered but one of 
the males. I cannot, however, perceive any 
reason to doubt their value in this particular. 
Their form indicates great power, and they Iiave 
much quietness and docility." 



Half Brezds at six times the price of eommon Slock. 

Washington, {Pa.) December 3d, 1825. 

John Hare Powel, Esq. 

Corresponding Secretary of the Pennsylvania Agricultural Society. 

Dear Sir, 

I have seldom paid S200 in a manner more 
to my satisfaction, than that paid for the young 
bull.* The object I had in purchasing wds the 
improvement of my own stock. I am now per- 
fectly satisfied that tliis will be accomplished 
equal to my most sanguine expectations ; and I 
have the additional gratification of seeing my 
neighbours' stock also rapidly improving. You 
will probably recollect, that at the time I pur- 
chased, I attributed tl>e line appearance of your 
stock in some degree to extraordinary keep. 
The little experience I have had is calculated to 
do away this impression. 1 have sold every calf 
I could spare, to experienced farmers, from six 
to eight times the price of common calves; and 
reserved the best. Several of my next spring 
calves are already bespoke. Nonsuch took the 
highest premium at our exhibition of 1824 — at 
our last show I entered all my stock for exliibi- 
tion only, and not for premiums. The commit- 
tee on cattle reported Nonsuch the finest ani- 
mal they had seen. They noticed his calves in 
the same handsome manner. There were 12 of 
them on the ground. 1 herewitli send you the 
printed report. * * * * No fact appears 

• Nonsucli, a half bred Short-horn hull, iiv Denton. 



Short-horn Yearlings — Holstein Cattle. 

to me more obvious tlian that tlie best possible 
mode that could be devised to call the attention 
of our farmers to the improvement of our native 
stock, is to exliibit amongst them the best speci- 
mens of what has been done in otlier countries. 
The estimation in wliich the '• Improved Short- 
Iiorns" are held by the practical men in England, 
u ithout taking into view our own experience, 
ought at least to procure for them SQine indul- 
gence until they have a fair trial. I am so tho- 
roughly satisfied of their excellence, that I do 
not mean to stop until I have some of the pure 
blood. I forgot to tell you in its proper place, 
that my yearlings are easily kept in good order, 
and excel in those points that indicate deep 
milkers. 

I am sincerely yours, 

Alexander Reed. 



Extract of a Letter from E. JVolcott, Esq.. a skil- 
ful practical farmer. 

East Windsor, Conn., June 17, 1825. 

In January last, 1 journeyed to Vermont, and 
saw the descendants of the Holstein (Short 
Horns,) cattle, imported by Wm. Jarvis, Esq., 
about fourteen yeare ago. Satisfied of the ex- 
cellence of this stock, I purchased of Mr. Jarvis 
a few heifei's. In March, 1 travelled into Massa- 
chusetts, and ^aw the imported bulls Denton, 



Improved Short-honis and Native Cattle compared. 

Ccelebs, and Admii-al, of the Improved Durham 
Short-horn breed, and many of then- progeny. 
Recently I have seen more of the same breed in 
yom- possession, and in Baltimore: and should 
think no lover of fine cattle could see them, 
without acknowledging their excellence. — How 
fully I am persuaded of their superioritv over 
any other breed of neat cattle, you may well 
know by the piice I paid for a young male of 
pure blood. 

Witli sentiments of much respect and esteem, 
I am, su', your most obedient humble servant 

E. WoLCOTT. 

John Hare Powel, Esq. 

Cor. Sec'y Penn. Jig. Sue. 



Fassyunk, Philadelphia County, 
January 27th, 1825. 

Sir, — In answer to your inquuies. I state that 
my father and myself keep generally one hun- 
dred milch cows. He has usually fed, annually, 
from four hundred tp six hundred head of cat- 
tle; my business is exclusively that of a gi*azier 
and daily farmer. I have had in my possession 
cows of various breeds, imported into Pennsyl- 
vania, and have seen some of the best milch 
cows purchased by order, in Ne^v England and 
New York State. In addition to my other em- 
ployments, my business as superintendent of the 
District of Meadow at Schuvlkill Point, leads me 



D 



The best Cow in Maasachuseits. 

constantly among the cattle grazed upon it. I 
have no hesitation in declaring, after a minute 
examination of the Improved Durham Short- 
horn cows at Powelton, that I have never seen 
any animals which I would prefer, as dairy stock. 
The position and shape of their udders, theu' 
thin necks and very small bone, together with 
their wliole form, give as much appearance for 
milk, as any thing I have ever seen. I have 
often sold cows from sixty to eighty dollars, of 
the best breeds, which could be found before the 
late impoilations of Short-horns. 

William Bradley. 
John P. Milnor, 

Rec. Sec. I'enn. Jl"-. Soc. 



Extract from the Report of the Committee on 
Neat Cattle^ at the Cattle Shorv at Waixes- 
ter, Massachusetts, in 1835. 

Governor Lincoln offered for exhibition three 
half Denton* cows, all of excellent quality, but 
one of them particularly noticed as an extraor- 
dinary animal of her kind. She has often given 
from 24 to 27 quarts of milk per day, of excel- 
lent quality, yielding a large proportion of 
cream. The least quantity of milk given by her 
in any one day during the summer drought, on 
grass feed only, was 13 quarts! The committee 
considered her the most valuable milch cow 

EVER EXHIBITED IN THE COMMONWEALTH. 

* Dcivlon, Mr. Williams' Jniprovcd Sliotl-lionicd Bull. 



tiheep — Merino — Characteristic Marks ^ Sfc. 

Sheep — Merino — O71 the necessity of attending to 
Yolk — The characteristic marks and peculiari- 
ties of the best varieties. 

By James Caldwell, Esq. 

Philadelphia, October 2d, 1826, 

My Dear Sir, — To the queries whicli you 
have done me the honour to address to me, I 
have no hesitation in answering generally in the 
affirmative, viz. I liave generally found the finest 
fleeces to contain the most yolk. Yet I have 
known exceptions to this general rule, in sheep 
that appeared to have a peculiar secretion, and 
CONCRETION of thc yolk; those exceptions, how- 
ever, have been so rare, as to establish in my 
opinion the correctness of the general rule. 

It is also, in my opinion, a characteristic of 

the Merino fleece to have an abundance of yolk. 

* * * * * * * 

I have no hesitation in saying, that all who 
have paid attention to the subject, must be aware 
of the fact, that an individual of an ordinary 
breed might accidentally be endowed with qua- 
lities superior to the generality of its race. A 
horse, for instance, might possess uncommon 
speed, but it would be imprudent to hi^eed from 
such an animal for tlie purposes of the course, 
without the corroboration of marks, which good 
judges coidd not mistake, to ascertain with pre- 
cision the stock to which it belonged. 

******** 

I beg leave to present to you an engraving of 
one of my ewes, which, in my opinion, has all 
the characteristics of thc best variety of the Mc- 
rinp. 



iSheep — Meritio — besi varieties. 

It must be peifectly well known to you, that 
Dicmy varieties of the Merino were impoiled 
from Spain. I have examined most of these im- 
portations, and found none equal in value, in my 
estimation, to the variety, of which this engraving 
shows the characteristic marks. 

I would not have exchanged that ewe for the 
best Saxon Merino I have ever exammed. You 
will observe that the head is covered with wool 
down to the nostril. Bare heads are apt to be 

accompanied by bare bellies and light fleeces. 

^ ^ ^ ^ ^ -s^ ^ 

With the greatest regard and respect, 
Your obedient servant, 

James Caldwell. 
John Hare Powel, Esq. 

Corres. Sec'ry of the Penn. Agricid. Society. 



Extracts from Dr. Parry'' s Essay on the Nature, Pro- 
duce, Origin, and Extensio?i of the Merino breed of 
Sheep. 

"In the year 1765, Augustus Frederick, Elector of Saxony, introduced into 
his dominions from Spain 100 rams and 200 ewes, chosen from the most noted 
flocks. Part of these were estahlished at the Electoral farm at Stolpen, on 
the frontiers of Bohemia, six leagues from Dresden. Three other secondary 
sheep farms were instituted, at Rennersdorf, Lohm, and Hohenstein, in order 
chiefly to improve the native breeds by the Spanish cross. At the end of ten 
years, these establishments were found to have had all possible success. The 
sheep of the pure blood had preserved every valuable quality, and the ultimate 
crosses had wool fully equal in fineness and beauty, to that of the pure Meri- 
noes." ********** 

'• According to Lasteyrie, the pure Merinocs belonging to the Elector, 
amounted in 1802, to 3400." «****» 

" The sheep of these flocks are larger or smaller, and yield more or less 
wool, according to the nourishment which is given them, and the mode in 
which they are treated On the whole, they are smaller and less productive, 
than the original ones in Spain." * * * * * 

"The winter food of tiie Saxon Merinocs consists of hay, lattermath, clover, 
oat or rye straw, haulm of peas, vetches, lentils, &c. which are distributed 
twice or thrice a day, according to their quality. Some cultivators give oil 
cake, and bran or corn bruised, or ground into meal. They mix these articles 
in a tub with the water which they give the sheep to drink, and afterwards 
divide among them the more substantial sediment. This mixture, which they 
find singularly beneficial to the lambs, shoiild be made with hot water ; and 
■even or eight pounds of cake or meal are divided among 100 sheep" 




"O^" 




'^^M^^ 



m 






^misiMii 



On various breeds — Teeswatcr — DisJdcff — and 
Southdown — their Characteristics — Form — 
Flesh — and Fleece, On early Maturity — Its 
Importance — Value not determined by great 

Size. 

By John Hare Powel, Es<^ 

Powclton, Feb. 20, 1827. 

In a communication which I had the honour 
to present to the society, I remarked — Tlic 
Teeswater sheep are the largest in Europe 
— are slow feeders — tallow well within — carry 
more flesh, and less fat without; but produce 
much worse mutton, and mucli coarser offal, 
than the Dishley breed. Their fleeces arc lieavy, 
and afford, in common with the Dishley, what is 
called combing wool, fitted lor tlie manufacture 
of camlets, and various articles of worsted. The 
Southdown sheep are much smaller than the 
Dishley — they are more hardy — theii* wool is 
short, equal in quality to that of half-bred Meri- 
no — their fleeces are not so heavy — they cany 
more fat within, and much more flesh witliout, 
than either the Dishley, Tunisian, Irish, or Tees- 
water sheep. By their activity and vigour, both 
of muscle and constitution, they are fitted to en- 
counter eveiy difficulty, as well as to endure the 
extremes of heat and cold. They occupy, in 
England, one of the most exposed and least fer- 
tile portions of the island — their mutton is of the 
finest kind, and commands the highest price, al- 
though from the properties of the sheep it can 
be produced at least cost. 



tiUeep — Form — Fleece tests of excellence. 

There is no mistake more prevalent, and 
none more egregious, than that >Yhich ascribes 
excellence to great size. Unless it be had early, 
and at comparatively small expense, large size 
does not more determine the extent of useful- 
ness in the quadruped, than in the man. Weight 
is not ah\ ays ascertained by size — It is affected 
more by compactness and squareness in certain 
parts, with rotundity of the barrel, than by mere 
extension of the frame. If the liind quarters be 
long^ deep, and zvide — the shoidders be placed 
well back — the breast be ample — the brisket be 
protruded — tlie back be broad — the loins wide — 
the girth behind the fore legs and over the chine, 
be large, tlie animal must possess not merely the 
frame which weighs most, but the form which 
carries most weight in the valuable parts, and 
affording sufficient room for the action of the 
lungs; witliout which, health and thrift can be 
seldom found. 

Some animals have good forms, but are 
^'shelly,'' as it is teclmically termed, conveying the 
idea of the absence of the due quantity of flesh. 
Some breeds produce too much fat, in propor- 
tion to flesh : those which carry comparatively a 
large quantity of flesh, 'marbled when ripe,' 
with the propensity to become ilit at an early 
age, and in the shortest time, are those best fit- 
ted for grazing purposes. These remarks apply 
to neat catde as well as to sheep. It is evident 
that the product, Avhether in beef, mutton, butter, 
cheese, or milk, must be estimated by the qiian- 
titij of food, belbre tlie result can be had. Early 
maturity not only saves food, but spares capital 
and gains time. Tlie quantity and quality of the 
wool is a matter of serious importance, when the 



Sheep — Yolk essential to fine Wool. 

value of sheep is to l)e determined. I do not 
mean by quality, the fineness of the fibre alone, nor 
do I mean to confine tlie remark to sheep whose 
wool is of the finer sort. The filaments of 
combing wool should part readily — those of fine 
wool should be soft and clastic^ as if it had been 
frizzled. The mere fineness of the fibre, or 
length of the staple, is not the only test of excel- 
lence: a diseased, or lialf starved sheep, produces 
fine wool, but not an elastic, nor useful material. 

The sheep which produce the finest fleeces, 
are not necessarily the best to form a breeding 
flock. If their constitutions be not good — if their 
forms be bad, the secretion of yolk, which is es- 
sential for the support of tlie fleece, must be 
small; the off*spring, consequently, will be a de- 
generate race. Thus, in selecting merinoes, re- 
gard should lie given to their forms, even in 
those parts of the country where the demand for 
the carcass is so small, as to make mutton of 
little value. 

It has been objected that the mutton of South- 
down sheep may be good — tliat its excellence, 
if it exist, must be ascribed to tlieir extensive 
ranges of pasturage — that the ewes when four or 
five years old are almost invariably destitute of 
wool on flieir bellies — that they afford at that 
age about 1^ pounds, that the wetliers afford 2 
to 2^ pounds of wool — ^that they can be found 
in almost every flock of common slieep through- 
out a considerable ])ortion of Pennsylvania and 
New Jersey — that their wool is not very visibly 
finer, and that their mutton from tlie same jias- 
turage is not know n to be better tliaii that of 
common sheep. 

The following notices will determine how far 



Sheep — Soitthdowns — Fleece, its quality. 

the assertions as to the hardiness of the animal — 
the excellence of the flesh — the quantity and 
quality of the wool are established by the opi- 
nions of manufacturers, woolstaplers, graziers, 
and men of taste. 

I have the honour to be, ^c. 

John Hare Powel. 

To the President of the Pennsylvania .Agricultural Sotiety. 



Smithdown Sheep — On their Properties — Hardi- 
ness — Tendency to become fat — On their Fleeces^ 
close, heavy, and sufficiently fine for General 
Purposes — On their Flesh — Its delicacy — Fla- 
vour, and superionty to all other Mutton. 

By William Phillips, Esq. 

Philadelphia, February 12th, 1827. 

Dear Sir, — Agreeably to your request, I give 
you my opinion of the Southdown sheep, exhi- 
bited to a committee of the Philadelphia Agri- 
cultural Society, of whicli I was a member. Al- 
though the fleece in fineness is not equal to Me- 
rino, yet I ascertained from dealers that a small 

PART OF THE FLEECE WOULD MAKE GOOD BROAD- 
CLOTH, AND THE REMAINDER IS IN HIGH ESTI- 
MATION FOR INFERIOR FABRICS. Considering 
all their estimable properties, I am of opinion 
that such Southdown sheep as you exhibited, are 
as valuable a stock, if not more so, than any 
other tliat have been kept in this countiy. 

The fleece is close, heavy, and suffi- 
ciently FINE FOR GENERAL PURPOSES, AND A 
SMALL PART FINE ENDUGH FOR ANY PURPOSE 

to which wool is likely to be applied for many 
vears to come. 



Sheep — Sou thdowns — Mutton — lis excellence. 

To the excellence of the Southdown mutton, 
I can with pleasure testify, as well as several gen- 
tlemen whose judgment of the luxuries of the 
table, will not be doubted by those who know 
them — They were so w ell pleased with it, that 
they cordially gave the annexed certificate of 
their opinion of the saddle of an imported we- 
ther, which was a present to Mr. David Lewis, 
who kept it upon his farm, on common pasture, 

without GRAIN OR ANY PARTICULAR ATTENTION, 

and it was the finest saddle of mutton, in appear- 
ance, delicacy, and flavour, I ever saw or tasted. 
It was greatly admired by many others. Their 
thriving properties, and tendency to become fat, 
are very important recommendations. 
I remain, witli much esteem, 
Yours, 

William Phillips. 
John Hare Powel, Esq. 



We the subscribers having partaken of a sad- 
dle of mutton from Mr. David Lewis' farm, of 
the Southdown breed, the qualities of which are 
not generally known liere, are of opinion that it 
is much superior in delicacy and flavour to any 
other mutton we have eaten. 

WILLIAM PHILLIPS, 
JOHN CLEMENTS STOCKER, 
JOHN SMITH, 
LAWRENCE LEWIS, 
J. K. WUCHERER, 
L. CLAPIER, 
ANTHONY STOCKER, 
ROBERT TOLAND, 

Philadelpiria, February 12, 1827. 



Sheep — Sonthdowns — Form and Fleece. 

Southdoxvn Sheep — On their Fleeces^ Carcasses, 
and fine Points. 

By James Sykes, Esq. 
(An extensive manufacturer of Maryland.) 

Baltimore, October, 182G. 

Dear Sir, — In reply to your inquiries upon 
the subject of Southdown sheep, I take leave to 
state, that I carefully examined the Southdown 
sheep exhibited by Colonel Lloyd at the late 
Maryland cattle show, and have samples of wool, 
fairly taken from them, together witli samples 
from Merino sheep, exhibited at the same time. 
I have no hesitation in giving, as my opinion, 
that the Southdown wool is equal in quality to 
the wool of the Merino sheep, shown upon that 
occasion (with the exception of the sheep exhi- 
bited by Wm. Patterson, Wm. R. Dickinson, Es- 
quires, and General Mason) but, I would here 
remark, that I considered none of the sheep ex- 
liibited (except tliose owned by the aforemen- 
tioned gentleman) full blood Merinoes. judging 
from the fleece. 

1 believe the Soutlidown wool shown me at 
Powelton, and the wool upon the Southdown 
sheep of Col. Lloyd, equal in quality to the ge- 
neral average of three-fourths Ijlood Merino of 
this country, and superior to much wool offered 
for sale, as full l)lood Merino. 

I consider tlie Southdown wool to be best 
adapted to tlie sattinett manufacture, the fleece 
being generally a close, short pile. 

I think the Soutlidowns at Powelton possess- 
ed of remarka))ly good carcasses and tine points, 
and especially the ram last imported by you, 
wliich, in those respects, 1 think supeiior to any 
sheep I have ever seen. 



Sheep — Southdowns adapted to general purposes. 

I esteem the Southdowns a valuable race, 
taking into consideration both carcass and fleece, 
and, were I to engage in sheep husl)andry 
upon the sea-board, where mutton is an object, 
should prefer them to any other kind I have yet 
seen; on the other hand, were I to keep sheep in 
the interior, where fleece would be my object, I 
should prefer the finest woolled Merino or Saxon, 
and would make my commencement from the 
flocks of Wm. R. Dickinson, Esq. of Ohio, as I 
am now of opinion he has sheep equal, if not 
superior, to the general race of Saxon sheep lately 
imported. 

I am, with great respect, 

Your obedient servant, 

James Sykes. 



Southdown Sheep — Mr. PoxveVs Inquiries, ad- 
dressed to Mr. Aaron Clement, one of the most 
successful breeders in the United States. 

Bear Sir, — You have bred sheep for many 
years — have travelled in various states — have 
manifested great zeal for the improvement of 
live stock — have been rewarded by the highest 
prices, and highest premiums for sheep of the 
mixed Dishley, Teeswater and Southdown race, 
and have aided me in procuring the very best 
animals of that variety. I thus rely especially 
upon your judgment and ask your replies* to 
the following questions. 

JOHN HARE POWEL. 

Mr. Aaron Clement. 

• Ml*. Clement's replies and the subsequent certWicates are adcluccd in 
refutation of the assertion, that Southdown sheep can be found in the com- 
inon flocks of Pennsylvania, &c. 



Sheep — Soiithdoians — Excellence in Points, SfC. 

Southdown Sheep — On their Characteristics — 
their Fornis^ Points^ Properties^ a?id Vigour — 
On the quality and close staple of their Fleeces. 

By Mr. Aaron Clement. 

Have you ever seen such sheep as my miport- 
ed Southdown sheep? 

A?is. I have seen slieep, whose faces and legs 
have some resemblance to yours, but entu-ely 
different m form, yours being decidedly superior. 

Do you tliink sheep so peculiar in form and 
appearance, could exist in Pennsylvania or New 
Jersey, without your having seen them? 

A71S. I have never known any of the pure 
Southdowns to be in existence, in either of the 
above named states, with the exception of those 
said to have been imported by Captain Beanes 
into New Jersey, and they have been crossed 
with other breeds until they bear but little re- 
semblance to tlic original stock. 

Have these Southdown sheep close fleeces, 
covering well their bellies with wool of line qua- 
lity? 

Ans. Your Southdowns are clothed with wool 
of fine quality, and close staple, their bellies well 
covered. 

Have they good forms, with the appearance 
of vigour and liardiness. 

Ans. Their form I think superior to most 
sheep that I have seen. They appear to be vi- 
gorous and hardy. 

Have they wide chests, wide loins, heavy liind 
quarters, long frames, exhibiting a good carcass 
for a grazier? 

Jlfis. They possess tlie above named fine 
points in a very eminent degree. 

Very respectfully, youis, 

AARON CLEMENT 



THE 



On the adaptatio7i of particular Breeds to the foodf cli- 
mate, and face of the country in which they are reared 
— The necessity of breeding in, to fix Varieties, or to 
establish Improved Breeds — The injurious effects of 
breeding in-and-in too closely. 

By John Hare Powel, Esq. 

Powelton, October 5, 1826. 

Dear Sir, — I have never considered any race of sheep 
fitted for all the ch' mates, soils, and objects of our vast terri- 
tory;* and I have endeavoured to show, that "particular breeds 
have been for ages retained in certain parts of Europe, where 
the shape of the animal has been made conformable to the 
purposes, to the climate, to the food, and face of the country 
upon which it has been reared. On the mountains of Scot- 
land and Wales, on the bare chalk hills of the southern and 
western parts of England, races of sheep have always been 
bred, which, by the lightness of their carcasses, and the acti- 
vity of their muscles, are enabled to find sustenance, and by 
the closeness of their fleeces, are fitted to endure the ex- 
posure, which, in mountainous regions, must always be met. 
In the rich vales of Leicestershire, and highly cultivated 
marshes of Lincolnshire, and other counties in the north, fa- 
milies, the very opposite to these, have been as carefully bred, 
possessing heavy carcasses, long wool, shorter legs, very small 
bone, with the most sluggish dispositions, without either the 
desire or the power to make exertion to obtain food." 

And with these impressions, you will perceive I have not 
given up long woolled sheep, but have repeatedly ordered 
them from England, in addition to several imported parcels, 
which I had obtained here, or in Massachusetts; more espe- 
cially as I consider combing wool essential to certain manu- 
factures about to be introduced. 

'* Memoirs of tlie Pennsylvania Agricultural Society, page 135. 

N 



Breeding — Varieties are fixed by breeding in. 

M}' success in crossing Tunisian long woolled sheep with 
*'Beane's mixed" family of Dishley blood, was sufficiently 
manifest in the fine rams which you so much admired, on 
their way to my friends in Maryland and Virginia. In cross- 
ing these animals of diffei'ent breeds, but not of distinct 
RACES, both being of the long woolled race, I did not 
expect to obtain the good qualities of both, tvithout the de- 
fects of either ; I but hoped to procure the hardiness and fine 
mutton of Tunisian sheep, and some of the attributes, not of 
pure Dishley, but merely of " Beanes' mixed" family of 
Dishley blood. I expected from mongrels but the degree of 
excellence possessed by rnongrels, until after a succession of 
years, by proper selection and repeated crosses, I might have 
fixed certain varieties in one family, constituting thus an im- 
proved breed.* 

I might have pursued my object for many years, without 
danger of breeding too closely in, even if I had begun with 
but two sheep. It is admitted by most of the opponents of 
breeding in-and-in, that with certain views the father may be 
united with the daughter — with the granddaughter — g. grand- 
daughter — and g. g. granddaughter: for the g. g. grand- 
daughter is supposed to retain one-sixteenth of the blood of the 
original dam. But a brother and sister should very rarely be 
joined, as they are both oi precisely the same blood. 

Much confusion has arisen from the want of proper tech- 
nical language to convey the principles upon which the art of 
breeding has been established. The use of the words, family, 
breed, and race, indiscriminately, causes no little difficulty in 
communicating precise impressions on this subject: and to 
prevent cavil in the use of terms, I will endeavour to illus- 
trate the acceptation in which they are taken by me. 

I have called all the old " Bakewell" sheep derived from 
Beanes' importation, "a mixed family, ^^ as they are mon- 
grels, derived from his importation of Dishley, Tceswater, 
jumbled, in most cases, with Southdown, Irish, and common 
American siieep. Tlie term family is used, to designate their 
close affinity in all cases; yet the absence of determined cha- 
racteristics, denies to them the appellation of "a breed," 
which, I suppose, must be marked by points, properties, or 
general conformation so distinct, as to leave no hesitation in 
regard to immediate origin or descent. 

But " race," I conceive, in the language of breeders, cm- 

* At the time thia experiment was made, my attempts to procure sheep 
from England had been dereatcd by tlie penaJtiea opposed to tlieir exportation 
by the British statutes. 



Breeding in — How far expedient. 

braces many breeds; thus sheep are classed under the gene- 
ral terms, " long woolled and short woolled race." 

By the term variety, I apprehend that breeders mean a pro- 
duct fortuitous, or the result of design, exhibiting peculiar 
characteristics, either in form or j)roperties, or both, and 
which are so decided, as to prevent its being assigned to any 
known family, or particular breed. 

* NEW VARIETIES ARE OBTAINED BY CROSSES 
—THEY ARE FIXED BY SELECTION, AND 
BREEDING IN. WHEN THEIR BLOOD HAS 
BEEN COMMIXED, AND THEIR OFFSPRING HAS 
BEEN JOINED DURING MANY GENERATIONS, 
WITH REFERENCE TO THE APPROXIMATION 
OF THE INDIVIDUALS SO JOINED TO THE 
POINTS OR PROPERTIES DESIRED, PRODUCING 
AN UNION OF THEIR CHARACTERISTIC PECU- 
LIARITIES, THEY ARE SAID TO BE ESTABLISH- 
ED OR FIXED IN ONE FAMILY, CONSTITUTING 
THUS AN IMPROVED BREED. 

The first cross produces a variety called an half breed — the 
second, three-fourths — the third, seven-eighths — the fourth, 
fifteen-sixteenths, and so on. The variation of the blood in 
each cross is designated by figures to a certain point only, 
because there is a point where all sagacious breeders acknow- 
ledge, that the blood of the original sire or dam, is so nearly 
sunk or expelled, as to be little estimated, leaving them at 
that point, in possession of animals, usually equal to pure 
blood. 

If it were not received among breeders, whose experience 
has led to the conclusion — if it were not sanctioned by men, 
whose habits of investigation, and general knowledge cannot 
fail to lead them to truth, it might be questioned whether an 
improved breed could be found, whose attributes could be re- 
tained without danger of some sudden transition, destructive 
of all the objects, in the promotion of which, it had been 
sought. This position may be illustrated by the success 
which the breeders of dogs, and even of birds, have attained. 

The term " breeding in-and-in" appears to have been re- 
ceived by some writers in a different sense from that in which 
1 apprehend it should be applied. I have considered Sir John 
Sebright's essa}-, published at the desire of the President of 
the Royal Society, decidedly the best which has appeared 
upon this subject; and in my impressions I am supported by 
Sinclair and Young, the one quoting Sebright in the " Code 



* It will be recollected that this notice is intended for American husband- 
men, who are not generall}' familiar with this subject. 



Brep.ding in-and-in too closely — Effects. 

of A,£;riculture," the other establishing his positions in the 
" Survey of Sussex," by giving the highest authorities — facts, 
as well as the opinions of practical men. 

By opposing "breeding in-and-in," Sebriglit does not in- 
tend to exclude the union of animals nearly allied, for he 
justly remarks — 

"Mr. Bakewell had certainly the merit of destroying the 
absurd prejudice which formerly prevailed against breeding 
from animals, between whom there was any degree of rela- 
tionship; had this opinion been universally acted upon, no 
one could have been said to be possessed of a particular breed, 
good or bad ; for the produce of one year would have been 
dissimilar to that of another, and we should have availed our- 
selves but little of an animal of superior merit, that we might 
have had the good fortune to possess." 

And he continues, that brother and sister may even be 
joined with certain views, " should they both be very 
GOOD, and particularly should the same defects not 

PREDOMINATE IN BOTH, BUT THE PERFECTIONS OF THE ONE 
PROMISE TO CORRECT, IN THE PRODUCE, THE IMPERFEC- 
TIONS OF THE OTHER." Yet he opposes its being carried so 
far, as some writers have i?7iagitied, it was pursued by Bake- 
well, whose practice has never been traced. 

I have contended that the effects of breeding closely in, are 
injurious; my practice, independent of any expression in fa- 
vour of Sebright's doctrine, will determine that I do not ob- 
ject to the union, to a certain point, of animals nearly allied. 
One of my finest bulls (Malcolm) wliich I imported at the 
time I possessed many high-bred males of the same breed, 
is derived from a cow begotten by Western Comet, upon his 
g. g. granddaughter. 

And that I am confirmed in this opinion by ]\Ir. Coates, one 
of the oldest breeders of Great Britain, is evident in his de- 
claring, that he has seen no bull which he would prefer to Mal- 
colm as a sire. 

The celebrated Knight, Mason, Rudd, Whitaker, Berry, and 
Sommerville, might be quoted in aid of that which has been 
advanced; but more pointedly to bring tiie soundness of Se- 
bright's doctrine to your view, I would recal your own, and 
your brother's experience in flocks of sheep made decrepid by 
too close adherence to the same blood. 

John Hare Powel. 
To the President of the Pennsylvania .Agricultural Society. 



ON THE PJIXNOZPLES 



Iwi#ir^l»fiif i^rfflffii®* 



(Extracted from Sinrlair's Code of Ag;nculture, page 104.) 



On the advantages of well-bred Stock — Breeding iti — How 
Jar essential — Breeding in-and-in too closely, ruin- 
ous — Consequent decrease of size — Loss of character- 
istics — aiid procreative power. 

"The art of breeding consists in making a careful selection 
of males and females, for the purpose of producing a stock, 
with fewer defects, and with greater properties than their 
parents, by which their mutual perfections shall be preserved, 
and their mutual faults corrected.* 

"The objects of improved breeding, therefore, are, to ob- 
viate defects, and to acquire and to perpetuate desirable pro- 
perties; hence, when a race of animals have possessed, in a 
great degree, through several generations, the properties 
which it is our object to obtain, and any tendency to produce 

* Sir John S. Sebriglit's Essay on the Art of Improving the Breed of Do- 
mestic Animals, p. 5 and 8. All breeding proceeds on the presumption, that 
the tendency of any individual animal is, to transmit to its offspring, the 
form, constitution, and qualities which it possesses; and as two animals are 
concerned in the production of one offspring, that one is expected to inherit, 
a form and constitution, compounded on the joint qualities of its two parents. 
Thus it is found, in numerous breeds of animals, as in deer, in the West 
Highland Cattle, in the North Devon, and in the wild cattle of Chillingham 
Park ; the offspring, for an indefinite number of generations, have borne the 
same general characters. — Observations by C. Masov. Esq., of Clifton, co. 
Durhavi. 



Breeding in-and-in too closely — Effects. 

unwished for properties, has beon extirpated, tlieir progeny 
are said to be ivell-hred, and their stock may be relied on.* 

"It was upon this princij)le of selection, that Bakewell 
formed his celebrated stock of sheep, having spared no pains 
or expense, in obtaining the choicest individuals, from all the 
best kinds of long or combing woolled sheep, wherever they 
were to be met with ;t and it cannot be doubted, that any 
breed may be improved in the same manner, namely, that of 
putting the best males to the finest females. After a superior 
breed, however, has thus been obtained, it is a point that has 
been much disputed, whether it is proper to raise stock, 
1. From the same family; or, 2. From the same race, but of 
different families; or, 3. From races entirely different. 

" 1. Breeding from the same family. — This method is 
called breeding in-and-in, or putting animals of the nearest 
relationship together.^ Though this plan was for some time 
in fashion, under the sanction of Bakewcll's authority, yet 
experience has now proved that it cannot be successfully per- 
severed in. It may prove beneficial indeed, if not carried 
loo far, in fixing any variety that may be thought valuable, § 
but on the whole, it is so only in appearance. Under this 
system, the young animal comes into the world, on, compa- 
ratively, a very small scale. By keeping it f;\t from the fiist 
moment of its existence, it is made to attain a greater size 
than nature intended ; and its weight in consequence will be 
very great in proportion to the size of its bones. • Thus a ge- 
neration or two of animals of an extraordinary form, and sale- 
able at enormous prices, may be obtained; but that does not 
prove that the practice is eligible, if long persisted in.|| On 
the contrary, if the system be followed up, the stock get ten- 
der and delicate, they become bad feeders; and though they 
retain their shape and beauty, they will decrease in vigour 
and activity, will become lean and dwarfish, and ultimately 
incapable of continuing the race. The instances of this are 



* Sir John S. Sebriglit's Essay, p- 7. Incessant care and attention, how- 
ever, are necessary, to keep tlieni up to tlic mark; and this is rather fortu- 
nate than otlierwise, since it perpetuates the virrit of breeders, and the com- 
petition of stock. 

t Young's Lecture, p. 9. 

X It having been found, that this system produced animals quite deficient 
in vigour, those who are now possessed of a capital stock, keep two or three 
streavis of blood, quite distinct, that they may avoid a consanguinity. 

§ Sir .John S. Sebright 's Essay, p. 13. ' Paper by Henry Cline, Esq., 
Comm. vol. iv. p. 442. 

II Paper by T. A. Kniglit, Esq., Comm. to the Board of Agriculture, vol. 
ii. p. 185. These dwarfish males, however, may not have an injurious effect 
on the stock of another i)crson, especially tiie first cross, if the females be of 
a coarser quality, and, on Mr. Ciines principle, if tliey are of a larger size 
than the males put to tlieiii. 



Breeding in-an-in — How far expedient. 

numerous. The celebrated breeder, Prinsep, found, that de- 
crease of size unavoidable, in spite of all his endeavours, by 
keeping his young stock well, to prevent it.* Sir John S. 
Sebright tried many experiments by breeding in-and-in, with 
dogs, fowls, and pigeons, and found the breeds uniformly de- 
generate.! A gentleman who tried the system with pigs, 
brought them at last into such a state, that the females gave 
over breeding almost entirely, and when they did breed, 
their produce was so small and delicate, that they died as 
soon as they were born. Nay, Mr. Knight's experiments 
with plants have fully convinced him, that in the vegetable, 
as well as in the animal kingdom, the offspring of a male and 
female, not related, will possess more strength and vigour, 
than where they are both of the same family.:]: This proves 
how unprofitable such connexions are. That is no reason, 
however, why a breeder may not manage a particular family 
of animals to great advantage, by shifting or changing, in- 
stead of breeding directly from parents to ofrspring.§ Hence 
the propriety of procuring males, from the flocks and herds 
of those who have the same or a similar breed. It has been 
remarked, that those farmers have in general the worst flocks, 
who breed from rams produced on their own farms, and that 
an Interchange of males is mutually beneficial. || 

" With respect to the doctrine, ' that when you can no 
longer find better males than your own, then by all means 
breed from them, for that best can only beget best ;' it is 
ably refuted by an intelligent author, who has devoted much 
attention to the art of breeding. He observes, that there 
never did exist an animal without some defect in constitution, 
in form, or in some other essential quality; and such defect, 
however small it may be at first, will increase in every suc- 
ceeding generation, and at last predominate in such a degree, 
as to render the breed of very little value. IT Breeding in-and- 
in, therefore, would only tend to increase, and to perpetuate 
that defect, which might be eradicated, by a judicious selec- 
tion, from a difierent family, in the same race. 



* Paper by T. A. Knight, Esq., Comm. to the Board of Agriculture, vol. ii. 
p. 185. 

t Sir John S. Sebright's Essay, p. 13. 

X Paper by T. A. Knight, Esq., Comm to the Board of Agriculture, vol. 
ii. p. 186. 

§ Husbandry of Scotland, vol. ii. Appendix, p. 100. The same rule holds 
good regarding the human species. By a train of unfortunate circumstances, 
a brother and sister, german, ignorant of their close connexion together, 
were married. They had ten children, all of whom died before their parents. 

II Paper by T. A. Knight, Esq., Comm. vol. ii. p. 172. 

IT Sir John S. Sebright on Improving the Breeds of Domestic Animals, p. 
11 and 14. 



Crossing dislhict races injudicious. 

" 2. The breedinc; I'rom different families of the same race, 
is therefore a preferable system. When these have been for 
some time established in different situations, and have had 
some slight shades of difference impressed upon them, by the 
influence of different climates, soils, and treatment, it is found 
advantageous, to interchange the males, for the purpose of 
strengthening the excellencies and remedying the defects of 
each family. On this principle, the celebrated Culley con- 
tinued, for many years, to hire his rams from Bakewell, at 
the very time that other breeders were paying him a liberal 
price for the use of his own ; and the very same practice is 
followed by the most skilful breeders at present. 

" 3. Any attempt at improvement, by crossing two dis- 
tinct breeds or races, one of which possesses the properties 
which it is wished to obtain, or is free from the defects which 
it is desirable to remove, requires a degree of judgment and 
perseverance, to render such a plan successful, as is very 
rarely to be met with. Indeed, though such crosses may, by 
great attention, answer at first, yet it is generally found, that 
great singularities attend such mixtures: and, in breeding 
bulls, though some of them may apparently do, yet their 
breed is not to be trusted." 



ON IMPROVING THE BREED OF ANIMALS. 

(Extracted from Loudon's Encyclopedia of Agricvilture. — 1826.) 

By improvc7nent of a breed is to be understood the pro- 
ducing such an alteration in shape or description, as shall ren- 
der the animal better fitted for the labours he has to perform; 
better fitted for becoming fat; or for producing milk, wool, 
eggs, feathers, or particular qualities of these. The funda- 
mental principle of this amelioration is the proper selection 
of parents. Two theories have obtained notice on this sub- 
ject, the one in favour of breeding from individuals of the 
same parentage, called the in-and-in system, and the other 
in favour of breeding from individuals of two different off- 
springs, called the system of cross breeding. As is usual in 
such cases, neither theory is exclusively correct,* at least as 
far as respects agricultural improvement; for, as will after- 
wards appear, the principles on which a selection for breed- 
ing so as to improve the carcase of the animal dej)ends, will 
lead occasionally to either mode. 

• Spbripht's positions arc thus confirmed. Sec his remarks upon Mr. Meyncrs breeding 
" from the father and the daughter and the mother and the son," and even " from brother and 
lister ;" to which Sebright does not object, " if they should both be very good, and particularly 
siiould the same defects not predoininate in both,' but the perfections of the one promise to 
correct in tjte produce the imperfections of the other."— Le/^rr A;/ Sir John Saundcn Sebright, 
Bart; M, P., on the Art of Improving the Breeds of Domestic Animals. 



On Breeding — Misapprehension of Terms — Mr. 
MeyneVs Practice — Breeding in-and-in — Cross- 
ing — Selection — Objects — Effects — Sebright' s 
Theory — On fixing varieties — Sheep — Fleece — 
Form — Its influence upon the Constitution and 
Secretions of the Jlnimal. 

By John Hare Powel, Esq. 
(In Reply to Major Rudd, of Marton Lodge, England.) 

Dear Sir, 

On the degeneracy produced by breeding too 
closely in-and-in^ I consider myself peculiarly 
fortunate in having your conclusive testimony. 
This fi'uitful subject of misapprehension had not 
till recently excited attention in this country 
among writere, although the evil tendency of fol- 
lowing any stream of blood into too close affi- 
nity, has always been deprecated, and' has been 
uniformly avoided, in the practice of successful 
husbandmen. 

The subject is difficult, and the misuse of 
terms, or the want of precision, has in some in- 
stances been the source of discussion where little 
difference of opinion in fact prevailed. 

In the language of Sebright, on various occa- 
sions, " I have freely stated my opinions without 
considering them as conclusive," and I venture 
to give the arguments which I have adduced in 
support of his essay, in order that I may be cor- 
rected by yon^ if I be wrong. 

I apprehend, that his theory is founded upon 
the belief, that all domesticated animals are dis- 
posed " to go back,'' as having some tendency 
towards constitutional defects ; and inferring that 
those of the same family are likely to be afiected 
by tendency towards the same point, he thinks, 



Breedirig from the Sire and Daughter. 

that by the union of animals so situated, and 
having mch tendency^ the defects will in the off- 
spring be increased. 

If he had defined his acceptation of the terms 
^'crossing,'' and '-^breeding in-and-in^'' less difli- 
culty might have prevailed. It is evident that 
the common application of these terms is very 
different from that in which I conceive them to 
be correctly used by him. He observes — 

" Mr. MeyneVs fox-hounds are likewise quoted as an 
instance of the success of this practice; but upon speaking to 
that gentleman upon the subject, I found that he did not at- 
tacli the meaning that I do, to the term in-and-in. He said 
he frequently bred from the father and the daughter, and the 
mother and the son. This is not what I consider breeding 
i7i-and-in ; for the daughter is only half of the same blood as 
the father, and will probably partake, in a great degree, of 
the properties of the mother." 

"Mr. Meynel sometimes bred from brother and sister: 
this is certainly what may be called a little close; but should 
they both be very good, and particularly should the same de- 
fects not predominate in both, but the perfections of the one, 
promise to correct in the produce the imperfections of the 
other, 1 do not think it objectionable: much further than this, 
the system of breeding from the same family, cannot, in my 
opinion, be pursued with safety." * * * * 

"Although 1 believe the occasional intermixture of diffe- 
rent families to be necessary, I do not, by any means, ap- 
prove of mixing two distinct breeds, with the view of uniting 
the valuable properties of both: this experiment has been 
frequently tried by others as well as by myself, but has I be- 
lieve never succeeded. The first cross frequently produces a 
tolerable animal, but it is a breed that cannot be continued."* 

" If it were possible, by a cross between the New Leices- 
tershire and INIerino breeds of sheep, to produce an animal 
uniting the excellencies of both, that is, the carcase of the 
one, with the fleece of the other, even such an animal, so 
produced, would be of little value to the brceder;t a race of 
\.\xo same description could not be perpetuated; and no de- 
pendance could be placed upon the produce of such animals; 
they would he mongrels, some like the New Leicester, some 
like the Merino, and most of them with the faults of both." 

• Slioukl not tlic jjioiUict oftlic /Tcs^ cross be called a variety? 
f Should not the term breed be used? 



Breeding — Sehrigk/'s Theory. 

Sebright asserts, as we all kn(3w, tliat varieties 
even of pigeons are established l)y selection and 
breeding in-and-in. The first cross produces an 
animal called an half-bred — the second, three- 
fourths — the third, seven-eighths — the fourth, fif- 
teen-sixteenths, and so on. Of consequence, the 
variety ol)tained by the first cross could not he 
perpetuated, as the proportions of l)lood would 
annually vary, producing new varieties j winch, 
after a long time and great vigilance in selection, 
might be established, constituting that which is 
technically called " an improved breed." 

It cannot be denied, that the offspring of a 
male and female, of precisely the same degree 
of affinity to two distinct breeds, w ould not ge- 
nerally exhibit precisely the same characteristics, 
nor would they show^ precisely those of the sire 
and dam- In some, the attributes of one of the 
breeds would predominate, whilst in many, those 
of the other would in different degrees most pro- 
bably appear. 

Do we not find facts, corroborative of this, in 
the human family? But when the most desira- 
ble points and properties have, throughout many 
generations, been determined ])y the skill of the 
breeder in selecting the animals, which most 
nearly approximate the excellence whicli he 
seeks — in uniting those whose union would, by 
" the perfections of the one promise to correct 
in the produce the imperfections of the other," 
" a new variety is fixed." 

The Leicester sheep has long and coarse wool, 
with an open fleece — the Merino has short and 
fine wool, with a close fleece; the properties, 
points, and general conformation of tliese ani- 
mals, are opposed as much as those of any 



Breeding; — Distinct Races should not be crossed. 

beings, of the same species, with which we are 
acquainted. 

The product of the first cross, between a Me- 
rino and New Leicester sheep, Avould be covered, 
prol)ably, with wool of medium texture; but 
when carried fartlicr, it miglit l)ecome too short 
for combing, too long for tlie general manufac- 
tures of the country. 

Sebright does not approve of crossing " dis- 
tinct races," and gives an histance to show, what 
he means l)y distinct races. It is evident that 
the term race, is not always used in the same 
sense, nor should I have used it as he has 
done. The quadruped race embraces all ani- 
mals having four legs, yet we find the term 
race applied frequently to a variety of a parti- 
cular species; the improved Leicester sheep are 
called New Leicester, or the Dishley race. 

It is evident, Sebright did not object to mixuig 
animals of races, which he does not qualify by 
the term distinct; as he asserts, that Merino 
rams are frequently put to Southdown and Rye- 
land ewes, all being of the fine xvoolled race, 
which he approves with certain views. Nor 
would he object to uniting the Arabian ^vith the 
turf horse — he knows that the l)est turf horses 
had been so produced; but he would oppose the 
union of a Welsli pony with a drauglit horse, or 
an Arabian courser w ith a Suffblk punch, if he 
desired animals either for the turf or the road. 
He is aware that varieties, sometimes fortuitous, 
sometimes the product of design, afford tlie means 
of estabhshing improved breeds of animals, or of 
meliorating cultivated fruits. He urges — 

" The effect of breeding in-and-in may be accelerated or 
retarded by selection, particularly in those animals who pro- 



Breeding — Effects of Climate and Food, 

duce many young ones at a time. There may be families so 
nearly perfect, as to go through several generations, without 
sustaining much injury from having been bred in-and-in; 
but a good judge would, upon examination, point out by what 
they must ultimately fail, as a mechanic would discover the 
weakest part of a machine before it gave vvay. 

" Breeding in-and-in will, of course, have the same effect 
in strengthening the good as the bad properties, and may be 
beneficial, if not carried too far, j^a^'ticularly in fixing any 
variety which may be thought valuable."* 

"I have tried many experiments by breeding in-and-in 
upon dogs, fowls, and pigeons: the dogs became from strong 
spaniels, weak and diminutive lap dogs, the fowls became 
long in the legs, small in the body, and bad breeders." 

He justly remarks — 

"Many causes combine to prevent animals, in a state of na- 
ture, from degenerating; they are perpetually intermixing, 
and therefore do not feel the bad effects of breeding in-and- 
in: the perfections of some correct the imperfections of others, 
and they go on without any material alteration, except what 
arises from the effects of food and climate. 

"The greatest number of females will, of course, fall to the 
share of the most vigorous males ; and the strongest indivi- 
duals of both sexes, by driving away the weakest, will enjoy 
the best food, and the most favourable situations, for them- 
selves and for their offspring. 

*^ A severe winter, or a scarcity of food, by destroying the 
weak and the unhealthy, has all the good effects of the most 
skilful selection. In cold and barren countries no animals 
can live to the age of maturity, but those who have strong 
constitutions; the weak and the unhealthy do not live to pro- 
pagate their infirmities, as is too often the case with our do- 
mestic animals. To this I attribute the peculiar hardiness of 
the horses, cattle, and sheep, bred in mountainous countries, 
more than to their having been inured to the severity of the 
climate; for our domestic animals do not become more hardy 
by being exposed, when young, to cold and hunger: animals 
so treated will not, when arrived at the age of maturity, en- 
dure so much hardship as those who have been better kept in 
their infant state. 

"If one male, and one female only, of a valuable breed, 
could be obtained, the offspring should be separated, and 
placed in situations as dissimilar as possible; for animals kept 
together are all subjected to the efi'ects of the same climate, 

* Here the evil tendency must be corrected by the In-ceder's skill in "se- 
lection." 



Jlr ceding — Form indicative of Properties. 

of the same food, and of the same mode of treatment, and 
consequently to the same diseases, particularly to such as arc 
infectious, vvhicli must accelerate the bad effects of breeding 
in-and-in." 

His observations upon sheep entirely agree 
with those \\\\yq\\ I had made in England as well 
as here. He continues — 

" IN COMPARING THE MERINO SHEEP WITH 
THE SOUTHDOWNS, WHICH ARE ALLOWED TO 
IJE THE BEST OF OUR SHORT-WOOLLED BREEDS, 
THE FORMER HAVE VERY MUCH THE ADVAN- 
TAGE, BOTH AS TO QUANTITY AND QUALITY OF 
WOOL; BUT, I BELIEVE, THE LATTER WOULD 
PRODUCE BY FAR THE GREATEST QUANTITY 
OF MEAT, FROM A GIVEN QUANTITY OF FOOD, 
WHICH IS THE CRITERION BY WHICH WE DE- 
TERMINE THE RELATIVE VALUE OF ALL ANI- 
MALS AS GRAZIER'S STOCK. 

" Taking the gross produce, both of wool and of carcase, at 
the present prices, the Merino breed may perhaps be the most 
profitable : but should it be generally introduced, fine wool 
would become cheaper, and mutton dearer; it is therefore not 
easy to form a conclusive opinion upon this subject. 

" Great improvements may undoubtedly be made in the 
Merino breed, as to their disposition to get fat. Their advo- 
cates say, with truth, that the Southdown sheep were but a 
few years ago as imperfect in shape as the Merino now are; 
but they should recollect, that a disposition to fatten at an 
early age was always the characteristic of the Southdown breed, 
even in its most unimproved state, and that it was from its 
possessing this very essential quality that so much attention 
has been paid to it. 

" It is well known that a particular formation generally in- 
dicates a disposition to get fat, in all sorts of animals; but this 
rule is not universal, for we sometimes see animals of the 
most approved forms, who are sloiu feeders y and whose flesh 
is of a bad quality, which the graziers easily ascertain by the 
touch. The disposition to get fat is more generally found in 
some breeds tlian in others. The Scotch Highland cattle are 
remarkable for being almost d\\ quick feeders, although many 
of them are defective in shape. The Welsh cattle liave but 
little disposition to get fat: not from being particularly ill- 
shajicd, but becinisc they are almost invariably what the gra- 
ziers call had lumdlcrs. 

" We must not therefore suppose, that the bad shape of the 



Breeding — Yolk essential to fine Wool. 

Merino sheep is the sole cause of its being so ill calculated for 
the purpose of the grazier. 

"An observation which Dr. Genner made to- me about ten 
years ago, (the truth of which has since been confirmed by 
my own experience — that no animal whose chest was narrow 
could easily be made fat,) applies particularly to the Merino 
sheep, who are in general contracted in that part, and is well 
worth the attention of those who wish to improve this breed, 

" PERHAPS THE GREAT SECRETION OF YOLK, 
SO ESSENTIAL TO THE PRODUCTION OF FINE 
WOOL, AND WHICH IS EXCESSIVE IN THE MERI- 
NO SHEEP, MAY BE INCOMPATIBLE WITH THE 
FATTENING QUALITY. 

" I HAVE ALWAYS FOUND THE FINENESS OF 
THE FLEECE IN EXACT PROPORTION TO THE 
QUANTITY OF YOLK IT CONTAINED. THOSE 
WHO ARE UNACCUSTOMED TO EXAMINE WOOL, 
MAY CONSIDER THIS AS A CERTAIN CRITERION 
OF ITS QUALITY: FOR ALTHOUGH THE HAIR OF 
SOME DRY FLEECES MAY BE FINE, IT WILL AL- 
WAYS WANT THE ELASTICITY WHICH I§ SO 
MUCH VALUED BY THE MANUFACTURER." 

•^ 7^ ■5ri '^ ^ -^j yf: 

"The fineness of the fleece, like every other property in 
animals of all kinds, may be improved by selection in breed- 
ing. The opinion, that good wool could only be produced in 
particular districts, is a prejudice which fortunately no longer 
exists. 

" Climate, food, and soil, have certainly some effect upon 
the quality of wool, but not so much as is generally supj)0scd. 
The fleece is affected by the degree of nourishment which the 
animal receives, not by the quality of the pasture on which it 
is fed. If sheep are highly kept, their wool will become less 
flne, but in other respects its quality will not be deteriorated. 
The wool of a starved sheep may be apparently fine, but it 
will be brittle, and of little value to the manufacturer. 

" A regular supply of food to the sheep is essential to the 
growth of good wool; for that part of the hair which grows 
when the animal is in a high state of flesh, will be thick, and 
that which is grown when it is reduced by hunger, will be 
weak and thin; and consequently the thickness of hair will 
always be irregular, if the animal passes from one extreme to 
the other. 

"The alteration which may be made in any breed of ani- 
mals by selection, can hardly be conceived by those who have 
not paid some attention to this subject; they attribute every 



Breeding — Males kept for hire. 

impi'ovcment to a cross, when it is merely the effect of judi- 
cious selection. 

" I have often been told, that from the beautiful shape of 
Mr. Elman's Southdown sheep, they must have been crossed 
with the New Leicester; and that from the fineness of their 
wool, they must have been crossed with the Merino breed; 
but I do not conceive, that even the skill of this very distin- 
guished breeder could have retained the good shape of the 
former, without any appearance of the coarseness of its wool, 
or the fine fleece of the latter, without the deformity of its 
carcase, had he crossed his flock with either of these breeds. 

"It may as well be contended, that the white pheasant, 
which is now become very common, was produced from a 
cross with a Dorking fowl, whereas it was one of those acci- 
dental varieties, which sometimes occur, and which has been 
perpetuated by selection. The same may be said of the end- 
less variety in the colour, shape, and size, of rabbits, ducks, 
and pigeons, in a domesticated state; a variety produced by 
the art of man, and which did not exist in these creatures in 
their natural state. 

" A greater proof, I conceive, of what may be effected by 
selection and perseverance, cannot be adduced 

"There is, perhaps, no means by which the breeds of ani- 
mals can be so rapidly, and so effectually improved, as by its 
being the particular business of some breeders to provide 
male animals for the purpose of letting for hire. Our horses 
could never have arrived at the degree of perfection which 
they have now attained, but from the facility which has been 
afforded to every one, by the public stallions, of breeding 
from tl^e best horses of every description, at a moderate ex- 
pense. 

•' The breeds of sheep to which this practice has been ap- 
plied, have attained great perfection, while those which have 
never been attended to by persons in this particular business, 
show no signs of improvement. 

"No trouble or ex])ensewill be spared by those who expect 
to derive profit, not from the quantit}', but from the quality 
of the animals which they breed. The competition, which 
must always exist between breeders of this description, will 
be a never-failing stimulus to exertion. 

" The common farmer, who seldom sees any stock but his 
own and that of his neighbours, generally concludes, that his 
own have arrived at the summit of perfection : but the breeder 
who lets for hire, must frequently submit his male animals 
to the inspection of the public, and to the criticism of his 
rivals, who will certainly not encourage any prejudices he 
may entertain of their superiority." 



Breeding — Sebright sujiporfed by facts. 

In illustration of Sebiight's positions, various 
authorities might be adduced; but I consider the 
successful practice of Messrs. Colling, Charge, 
Maynard, Bates, Mason, Coates, Whitaker and 
yourself, affords the most decided evidence of 
the validity of his assertions, triumphantly sus- 
tained by the records of the Herd and Stud 
Books, wherein it will be found, that the best 
individuals have been the result of occasional 
mid judicious crosses, and that the most valuable 
varieties have been established by skilful selec- 
tion, and breeding in-and-in to a limited extent, 
I am, my dear sir, with great respect. 
Most truly yours, 

John Hare Powel. 



Extracts from Loudon's Encyclopsedia of Agriculture. 

That the breed of animals is improved by the largest males, is a very gene- 
ral opinion ; but this opinion is the reverse of the truth, and has done conside- 
rable mischief. The great object of breeding, by whatever mode, is the im- 
provement of form, and experience has proved that crossing has only succeed- 
ed in an eminent degree, in those instances in which the females were larger 
than in the usual proportion of females to males ; and that it has generally 
failed where the males were disproportionally large. Culley's Introduction, 
&c. The following epitome of the science of breeding, is by the late emi- 
nent surgeon, Henry Cline, who practised it extensively on his own farm at 
Southgate. 

The external form of domestic animals has been much studied, and the pro- 
portions are well ascertained. But the external form is an indication only of 
internal structure. The principles of improvhig it must, therefore, be founded 
on a knowledge of the structure and use of internal parts. 

The lungs are of the first itnportance. It is on their size and soundness 
that the strength and health of animals principally depend. The power of 
converting food into nourishment, is in proportion to their size. An animal 
with large lungs is capable of converting a given quantity of food into more 
nourishment than one with smaller lungs ; and therefore has a greater aptitude 
to fatten. 

The chest, according to its external form and size, indicates the size of the 
lungs. The form of the chest should approach to the figure of a cone, having 
its apex situated between the shoulders, and its base towards the loins. Its 
capacity depends on its form more than on the extent of its circumference ; 
for where the girth is equal in two animals, one may have much larger lungs 
than the other. A circle contains more than an ellipsis of equal circumfer- 
ence ; and in proportion as the ellipsis deviates from the circle it contains less. 
A deep chest, therefore, is not capacious; unless it is proportionably broad. 

The pelvis is the cavity formed by the junction of the haunch bones with 

r* 



Breeding — Form how improved. 

the bono of the rump. It is essential tlial this cavity bhould be large in ths 
female, that she may be enabled to bring forth her young with less difficulty 
When this cavity is small, the life of the mother and her oflfspring is endan- 
gered. The size of the pelvis is chiefly indicated by the width ot the hips, 
and the breadth of the twist, which is the space between the thighs. The 
breadth of the loins is always in proportion to that of the chest and pelvis. 

The head should bo small, by which the birth is facilitated. Its smallness 
affords other advantages, and generally indicates that the animal is of a good 
breed. Horns are useless to domestic animals, and they are often a cause of 
accidents. It is not difficult to breed animals without them. The breeders of 
horned cattle and horned sheep, sustain a loss more extensive than they may 
conceive ; for it is not the horns alone, but also much bone in the skulls of 
such animals to support their horns, for which the butcher pays nothing; and 
besides this there is an additional quantity of ligament and muscle in the neck, 
which is of small value. The skull of a ram with its horns, weighed five times 
more than a skull which was hornless. Both these skulls were taken from 
sheep of the same age, each being four years old. The great difTerence in 
weight depended chiefly on the horns, for the lower jaws were nearly equal; 
one weighing seven ounces and the other six ounces and three-quarters, which 
proves that the natural size of the head was the same in both, independent of 
the horns and the thickness of bone which supports them. In horned animals 
the skull is extremely thick. In a hornless animal it is much thinner, espe- 
cially in that part where the horns usually grow. To those who have reflect- 
ed on the subject, it may appear of little consequence whether sheep and cat- 
tle have horns; but on a moderate calculation it will be found, that the loss in 
farming stock, and also in the diminution of animal food, is very considerable, 
from the productions of horns and their appendages. A mode of breeding 
which would prevent the production of these, would afford a considerable profit 
m an increase of meat, wool, and other valuable parts. 

The length of the neck should be proportioned to the height of the animal, 
that it may collect its food with ease. 

The muscles, and the tendons which are their appendages, should be large ; 
by which an animal is enabled to travel with greater facility. 

The bones, when large, are commonly considered an indication of strength; 
but strength does not depend on the size of the bones, but on that of the mus- 
cles. Many animals with large bones are weak, their muscles being small 
Animals that have been imperfectly nourished during growth, have their 
bones disproportionately large. If such deficiency of nourishment originated 
from a constitutional defect, which is the most frequent cause, they remain 
weak during life. Large bones, therefore, generally indicate an imperfection 
in the organs of nutrition. 

To obtain the most improved form, the two modes of breeding described aa 
the in-and-in and crossing modes, have been practised. The first mode may 
be the belter practice, when a particular variety approaches perfection in 
form ; especially for those who may not be acquainted with the princijdes on 
vihich improvement depends. When the male is much larger than the female, 
the offspring is generally of an imperfect form. If the female be proportion- 
ately larger than the male, the offspring is of an improved form For instance, 
if a well formed large ram bo put to cwcs proportionately smaller, the lamba 
will not be so well shaped as their parents ; but if a small ram be put to larger 
ewes, the lambs will be of an improved form. The proper method of im- 
proving the form of animals consists in selecting a well formed female, pro- 
portionately larger than the male. The improvement depends on this princi- 
ple, that the power of the female to supply her offspring with nourishment, is 
m proportion to her size, and to the power of nourishing herself from the ex- 
cellence of her constitution. The size of the foetus is generall}' in proportion 
to that of the male parent; and therefore, when the female parent is dispropor- 
tionately small, the quantity of nourishment is deficient, and her offspring has 
all the disproportions of a starveUng. But when the female, from her size 
and good constitution, is more than adequate to the nourishment of a fcetus of 
a. smaller male than herself, the growth must be proportionately greater. The 
larger female has also a larger quantity of milk, and her offspring is more 
abundantly »upplicd vith nourishment after birth. 



JBreedhig — Good ejfects of crossing. 

Abundant nourishment is necessary to produce the most perfect formed ani- 
mal, from the earliest period of its existence until its growth is complete. As 
already observed, the power to prepare the greatest quantity of nourishment 
from a given quantity of food, depends principally on the magnitude of the 
lungs, to which the organs of digestion are subservient. To obtain animals 
with large lungs, crossing is the most expeditious method ; because well form- 
ed females may be selected from a variety of large size, to be put to a well 
formed male of a variety that is rather smaller. By such a mode of crossing, 
the lungs and heart become proportionately larger, in consequence of a pecu- 
liarity in the circulation of the foetus, which causes a larger proportion of the 
blood, under such circumstances, to be distributed to the lungs than to the 
other parts of the body ; and as the shape and size of the chest depend upon 
that of the lungs, hence arises that remarkably large chest, which is produced 
by crossing with females that are larger than the males. The practice, ac- 
cording to this principle of improvement, however, ought to be limited ; for it 
may be carried to such an extent, that the bulk of the body might be so dia- 
proportioned to the size of the limbs as to prevent the animal from moving 
with sufficient facility. In animals, where activity is required, this practice 
should not be extended so far as in those which are intended for the food of 
man. ««*«**<;« 

Examples of the good effects of crossing may be found in the improved 
breeds of horses and swine in England. The great improvement of the breed 
of horses arose from crossing with the diminutive stallions. Barbs and Ara- 
bians; and the introduction of Flanders mares into this country was the source 
of improvement in the breed of cart horses. The form of the swine has been 
greatly improved, by crossing with the small Chinese boar. 

The pliancy of the animal economy is such, that an animal will gradually 
accommodate itself to great vicissitudes in climate, and alterations in food; 
and by degrees undergo great changes in constitution; but these changes can 
be effected only by degrees, and may often require a great number of suc- 
cessive generations for their accomplishment. It may be proper to improve 
the form of a native race, but at the same time it may be very injudicious to 
attempt to enlarge their size ; for the size of animals is commonly adapted to 
the soil and climate which they inhabit. Where produce is nutritive and abun- 
dant, the animals are large, having grown proportionally to the quantity of 
food which, for generations, they have been accustomed to obtain. * * * 

The Jirahian horses are, in general, the most perfect in the world ; which 
probably has arisen from great care in selection, and also from being unmixed 
with any variety of the same species ; the males, therefore, have never been 
disproportioned in size to the females. 

The native horses of India are small, but well proportioned, and good of 
their kind. With the intention of increasing their size, the India Company 
have adopted a plan of sending large stallions to India. If these stallions 
should be extensively used, a disproportioned race must be the result, and a 
valuable breed of horses may be irretrievably spoiled. 

From theory, from practice, and from extensive observation, the last more 
to be depended on than either, " it is reasonable," Cline continues, " to form 
this conclusion: it is wrong to enlarge a native breed of animals, for in propor- 
tion to their increase of size, they become worse in form, less hardy, and more 
liable to disease." {Communications to the B. of Jig. vol. iv. p. 446.) 

The above opinions may be considered as supported by the most eminent 
practical breeders, as Bakewell, Culley, Somerville, Parry, and others, and by 
most theorists, as Coventry, Darwin, Hunt, Young, «S:c. T. A. Knight writes 
in the Communications to the Board of Agriculture in favour of cross breed- 
ing, as do Pitt and others in the County Surveys, but mostly from very limited 
experience. * * * * * * * * " 

0/ the general Principles of Rearing, Managing^ and 
Feeding Domestic Animals. 

After the birth, the first interference on the part of man should be that of 
supplying the mother with food of a light and delicate quality, compartid to 



Rearing — Food — t/9ir— Exercise, fyc. 

that whicli slie liad been in tlie habit of nsinj, and also of administering the 
same description of food to llic offspring, so far as it may by its nature be able 
to use it. The gentlest treatment should accompany these operations ; and 
the opportunity taken of familiarizing both parent and offspring with man, by 
gently caressing them, or at least, by familiar treatment on the part of the at- 
tendant. 

As the animals increase in size and strength, they should have abundance 
of air, exercise, and food, according to their natures; and whatever is attempt- 
ed by man in the way of taming or teaching should be conducted on mild and 

conciliating principles, rather than on those of harshness and compulsion. 

******* 

Food, though it must be supplied in abundance, ought not to be given to 
satiety. Intervals of resting and exercise must be allowed according to cir- 
cumstances. Even animals grazing on a rich pasture have been found to feed 
faster when removed from it once a day, and either folded or put in an inferior 
pasture for two or three hours. Stall-fed cattle and swine will have their flesh 
improved in flavour by being turned out into a yard or field once a day ; and 
many find that they feed better, and produce better flavoured meat when kept 
loose under warm sheds or hamraels, one or two in a division, a practice now 
very general in Berwickshire. * * * * * \^ general it 
may be observed, that if the digestive powers of the animal are in a sound 
state, the more food he eats, the sooner will the desired result be obtained ; a 
very moderate quantity beyond sufficiency constitutes abundance ; but by 
withholding this additional quantity, an animal, especially if young, may go 

on eating for several years, without ever attaining to fatness. 

******* 

In young growing animals, the powers of digestion are so great, that they 
require less rich food than such as are of mature age ; for the same reason also 
they require more exercise. If rich food is supplied in liberal quantities, and 
exercise withheld, diseases are generated, the first of which may be excessive 
fatness. ***** Common sense will suggest the pro- 
priety of preferring a medium course between very rich and very poor nutri- 
ment. ***** ^ * 

Salt, it appears, from various experiments, may be advantageously given to 
most animals, in very small quantities ; it acts as a whet to the appetite, pro- 
motes the secretion of bile, and, in general, is favourable to health and acti- 
vity. In this way only can it be considered as preventing or curing diseases ; 
imless perhaps in the case of worms, to which all saline and bitter substances 
are known to be injurious. ****«» 

Where a sufficient degree of warmth to promote the ordinary circulation of 
the blood is not produced by the natural climate, or by exercise, it must be 
supplied by an artificial climate. Houses and slieds are the obvious resources 
both for this purpose, and for protection from cotrcmcs of tccathcr. Cold 
rains and northerly winds are highly injurious, by depriving the external sur- 
face of the body of caloric more rapidly than it can be supplied from within 
by respiration, and the action of the stomach; and also by contracting the 
pores of the skin, so as to impede circulation. When an animal happens to 
shed its covering, whether of hair, wool, or featlicrs, at such inclement seasons, 
the effects on its general health are highly injurious. The excessive heats of 
summer, by expanding all the parts of tlic animal frame, occasions a degree of 
lassitude, and want of energy even in the stomach and intestines; and while 
the animal eats and digests less food than usual, a greater waste tiian usual 
takes place by perspiration. Nature has provided trees, rocks,, caverns, hills 
and waters, to moderate these extremes of heat and weather, and man imi- 
tates them by hovels, sheds, and other buildings, according to particular cir- 
cumstances. 

Good air and water it may seem unnecessary to insist on ; hut cattle and 
horses, and even poultry pent up in close buildings, where there are no facili- 
ties for a change of the atmosphere, often suffer on this account. A slight de- 
gree of fever is produced at first, and afler a time, when the habit of the ani- 
mal becomes reconciled to such a state, a retarded circulation, and general 
decay or diminution of (he vital energies takes place. 



Rearing — Cleanliness — Comfort , S^'c. 

Moderate exercise ought not to be dispensed with, where the flavour of ani- 
mal produce is any object ; it is known to promote circulation, perspiration, 
and digestion, and by consequence to invigorate the appetite. Care must be 
taken, however, not to carry exercise to that point where it becomes a labour 
instead of a recreation. In some cases, as in feeding swine and poultry, fat- 
ness is hastened by promoting sleep and preventing motion, rather than en- 
couraging it ; but such animals cannot be considered healthy fed ; in fact their 
fatness is most commonly the result of disease. 

Tranquillity is an obvious requisite, for where the passions of brutes are 
called into action, by whatever means, their influence on their bodies is often 
as great as in the human species. Hence the use of castration, complete or 
partial separation, shading from too much light, protection from insects, dogs, 
and other annoying animals, and from the too frequent intrusion of man. 

Cleanliness is favourable to health, by promoting perspiration and circula- 
tion. Animals in a wild state attend to this part of their economy themselves ; 
but in proportion as they are cultivated, or brought under the control of man, 
this becomes out of their power ; and to insure their subserviency to his wishes, 
man must supply by art this as well as other parts of culture. Combing and 
brushing stall-fed cattle and cows is known to contribute materially to health ; 
though washing sheep with a view to cleaning the wool often has a contrary 
effect from the length of time the wool requires to dry. * * * * . * 

Comfort. An animal may be well fed, lodged, and cleaned, without being 
comfortable in every respect ; and in brutes, as well as men, want of comfort 
operates on the digestive powers. If the surface of a stall in which an ox, or 
a horse stands, deviates much from a level, he will be continually uneasy ; and 
he will be uneasy during night, if its surface is rough, or if a proper bed of 
litter is not prepared every evening for it to repose on. The form of racks and 
mangers is often less commodious than it might bo. A hay rack which pro- 
jects forward is bad ; because the animal in drawing out the hay is teased with 
the hay seeds falling in its eyes or ears; and this form, it may be added, is apt 
to cause the breath of the animal to ascend through its food, which must after 
a time render it nauseous. For this reason hay should lie as short a time as 
possible in lofts, but when practicable be given direct from the rick. 



Extract from the Memoirs of the Pennsylvania *8.gricul- 
tural Society. 

The tendency towards fat proceeds, I should presume, from the power of 
the animal's stomach and intestines, to separate the nutritious from the excre- 
mentitious parts of its aliment. Nature wisely destines certain portions of nu- 
tritious matter, at proper times, for the secretion of milk. That milk is an 
unctuous and very nutritious fluid, cannot be questioned — much therefore of 
nutrition, is withdrawn by the milk, from the formation of fat — but does it 
follow, that such portions as have made butter, or produced fat in the calf, 
when no longer directed towards the secretion of milk, must necessarily lose 
all their properties and pass off" in urine or in dung .' Do we not invariably find, 
that all cows, when dry, become more readily fat, than when they give milk ? 
Is it not then to be inferred, that the matter, which would have passed off" in 
milk, may be made to produce fat .'' Does not our experience show, in all fa- 
milies of wild cattle, where the perverseness of man has not interfered with 
the dispositions of nature, that when kept quiet, and well fed, they exhibit 
great tendency towards the secretion of fat.' In the cattle even of Asia, and 
China, in the Kyloes of Scotland, in the wild breeds of Louisiana, and in the 
little mountain cows of America, such disposition is generally shown. 

The mistaken ingenuity of the breeders of Holland, whence all the deepest 
milkers, whether Holderness, " Old Short Horns," Ilolstein, or whatever 
they may be termed in America, are in some measure derived, led them into 
an absurd cross, which produced unthrifty animals, affording excessive secre- 



Union of Properties for the Dairy a?id the Stall. 

tiona of bad milk — thus not only prematurely exhausting the cow, by which 
they are given, but requiring great quantities of food for her support. That 
disease, peculiar tendency towards fatness or leanness, or copious supplies of 
tJiin, or lesser quantities of rich milk, or even the determinationof a particular 
colour to any definite part of the body, as white at the end of a Devon's tail, 
may be established, by perseverance and art, every man conversant with the 
subject will readily believe. Because a Hollander chooses to wear out hia 
cow, or have a race ef animals, which will not readily become fat, even when 
dry, and the cupidity of the venders of milk, in the neighbourhood of large 
towns in England, or America, has led them to propagate for one object this 
unthrifty breed of cattle, is it to be inferred, that the efforts of Colling's coad- 
jutors could not obtain, by crossing, a race adapted to the general purposes of 
the country — fitted, at different times for the production oj rich milk and the 
secretion of fat ? 

Murray's Si/stejn of Chemistry. — " The blood is a compound of this kind," 
&c. — " And if we suppose a fluid thus passing through tubes of different dia- 
meters, and undergoing successive decompositions, we may easily conceive 
that very different products may be formed from the same compound. Thia 
affords a simple view of the nature of secretion. No complicated apparatus ia 
necessary for the performance of the change ; all that is necessary being the 
propulsion of the blood through minute vessels capable of contraction. It has 
accordingly frequently been observed, that new products are formed without 
the intervention of glands ; such is the formation of the fat or of muscular 
fibre. It is easy to conceive that the formation of these may take place in the 
extreme vessels where these products are deposited, and in like manner in the 
mere course of the circulation, may be formed the gluten, albumen, and other 
principles of the blood itself From secretion a variety of products are form- 
ed, as the bile, milk, fat, the bony matter, the matter of membranes, and a va- 
riety of others. These complete the formation of animal matter, and compre- 
hend its several varieties. Such are the different steps of the process of ani- 
malization. The food is digested in the stomach, mixed with animal matter 
in the intestinal canal, and converted into chyle ; this mingles with the blood, 
and loses a portion of carbon in the lungs : in the extreme vessels it is con- 
verted into the general principles of animal matter, and in the glands, is con- 
verted into various secreted products." 

White, on the Formation of the Digestive Organs of the Cow. — Vol. 4. chap. 
1. page 13. — "The stomach then maybe considered both as a muscular and as 
a vital organ. If we vie-v it in another light, we shall consider it as one con- 
tinued bibulous surface, sucking up the cliyle as it is formed, and conveying 
it by means of tlie milk vessels, to the four receptacles which are named the 
quarters of the udder. There is another order of absorbent vessels in the sto- 
mach, and in the small intestines also, especially in the upper part, named 
lacteals, which ramify through the mesentery, and terminate in the thoracic 
duct, having previously passed through what are named the mesenteric 
glands ; that is for the most part, for some are seen going over their surface. 
These lacteals are subsidiary, in their office, serving to convey chyle when the 
mesenteric glands are inflamed and obstructed. Chyle, as we find it in the lac- 
teals, is exactly like milk in every respect, and is, in fact, the same thing. 
The fluid of the thoracic duct is different ; it is semitransparent, has always a 
little oil floating on it, and is now and then found mixed with a little blood, 
which probably falls into it after death from the great vein in which it termi- 
nates. Thia depends on the valve of that part giving way, in consequence of 
death. Chyle and milk are then precisely the same thing, and in the cow 
there are three thoracic ducts, two going to the udder and conveying milk, 
and one to a great vein near the heart, conveying that fluid from which the 
blood is formed. When the animal has young, the lactiferous vessels, for so 
the minute branches of the two former thoracic ducts should be named, have 
a predominant aptitude to absorb the chyle, and a sufficient quantity only i« 
taken up by the chyliferous vessels going to the third thoracic duct, to supply 
the heart." 



• JilOJl TBH BRITISH FAHMKU a MAKAZlKt.. 

AN ESSAY* ON THE QUESTION 

*^ fVhether the Breed of Live Stock, connected with Agri- 
culture, be suscepHhle of the greatest Improvement from 
thi qualities conspicuous in the Male, or frorn those 
conspicuous in the Female Parent ?'' 

Bv THE Rev, Henry Berry, Acton Beauchamp, Worcestershire. 

It will be acknowledged by every competent judge, that 
the question proposed by the Highland Society is one abound- 
ing in difficulties, but it is hoped that the facts and arguments, 
which will be hereafter used, will prove that the writer has 
bestowed upon the subject a considerable degree of attention, 
and that he has not presumed to intrude visionary opinions, 
unconfirmed by the test of experience, or adopted without 
the previous labour of investigation and reflection. 

That the discovery of an independent faculty (if such exist) 
in the male or female parent, to confer peculiar properties on 
the offspring, would be attended with beneficial results to the 
breeders of animals connected with agriculture, must at once 
be admitted; and this impression, generally entertained, is 
probably one of the causes which have led to the assignment 
of such peculiar faculty to the sexes alternately, as circum- 
stances have occurred which appear to justify such opinion. 
No fact is more notorious than this, that many breeders con- 
sider certain horses or mares to confer striking characteristic 
traits on their offspring. The same also is asserted respecting 
neat cattle, and it may be added, that such peculiarity is prin- 
cipally assigned to the male. In order that the writer may 
render more effective his arguments against the correctness of 
such opinion, it is purposed briefly to state what are conceived 
to be the circumstances which have led to its adoption, and 
to exhibit them in their true light — as not justifying the con- 
clusions to which they have led. 

During all periods since agriculture has obtained any con- 
siderable degree of attention, greater or less care, according 
to circumstances, has been paid to the different breeds of ani- 
mals, whose improvement formed an important branch of 

* The Highland Society of Scotland awarded Mr. Berry their Honorary 
Medal for his Essay on this subject ; but as by the rules of the Society we 
could not avail ourselves of the Paper for our first Number, the Essay has 
been kindly rewritten for us, which circumstance will account for any literal 
■yarianon, though the matter will be found the same. — Editor. 

O 



Characteristics deter?ninc(l alike bij the Sire (tnd Dam. 

rural economy. An obvious consequence of this care, result- 
ing scarcely less from a laudable degree of emulation, than 
from a desire of lucrative improvement, would be the produc- 
tion of an improved race oi males ; the male animal affording 
advantages superior to the female for the improvement of the 
species, inasmuch as he is available to a number of the latter, 
while the services of the female must be restricted to her sin- 
gle, or little more numerous produce of the year, as the case 
might be. Further, it may be observed, that in earlier times, 
as in the present, the majority of breeders would pursue their 
object of improvement with the less expensive and easily ac- 
quired herd of ordinary females, looking to the selected males 
for the accomplishment of their wishes. Few would possess 
mares calculated to breed a stallion, as few also would have 
a cow sufficiently good in quality to produce a bull for the 
improvement of stock. The ideas entertained respecting the 
requisites of a sire would probably be similar, and lead to the 
adoption of a general standard of excellence, towards which 
it would be required that each male should approximate, and 
thus there would exist, among what may be termed fashion- 
able sires, a corresponding form and character, different and 
superior to those of the general stock of the country. This 
form and character, it may be observed, would in most in- 
stances have been acquired by jJcrseverance in breeding, 
from animals which possessed the important or fancied 
requisites, and might therefore be said to be almost con- 
firmed in such individuals. Under these circumstances, 
striking results would, doubtless, follow the introduction of 
such sires into a common stock; results which would induce 
superficial observers to remark, that individual sires possessed 
properties as males, which in fact were only assignable to 
them as improved animals. A horse of the foregoing de- 
scription, bred from ancestors of qualities similar to his own, 
would impress his offspring strongly, the mares with which 
he bred possessing no determinate character or form, as re- 
garded their descent, being the produce of heterogeneous con- 
nexion, of the co-mingling of perhaps a hundred different 
shapes, and consequently possessing no tendency to any one 
in particular. Further, the female's produce, one annually, 
would be presented too rarely to afford a conviction similar 
to that entertained in favour of the male, among whose nume- 
rous colts of the year, there must be, even by chance, a con- 
siderable number bearing his features. In these, and in si- 
milar circumstances, it seems not unreasonable to suppose that 
the opinion originated of our breeds of cattle being more sus- 
ceptible of improvement from the male than from the female 
parent. 



Breeding— High Blood — Importance and effects. 

In the present day, effects of the same nature have produced 
the E::me opinions, and the highly improved state of some of 
our agricultural stock has contributed greatly to strengthen 
and confirm them. It is observable, however, that the as- 
signment of this intrinsic property is not made now, so ex- 
clusively as formerly, to the male. The female has also ob- 
tained her advocates, who, without advancing any argument 
in support of their doctrine, maintain it nevertheless with 
considerable pertinacity. It is presumed that the cause of 
this partial change in public opinion may be easily assigned. 
To persons conversant with improved breeding, it is well 
known that of late years numerous sales have taken place of 
the entire stocks of celebrated breeders of Sires, and conse- 
quently that the females, valuable for such purpose, have 
passed into a number of hands. Unfortunately, persons, who 
have on these occasions become possessed of a fine female, 
have not always been equally successful with regard to a male; 
the high prices at which such animals have sold, having 
placed an impediment in their way; or a disposition to deem 
one step towards improvement adequate to the promotion of 
their views, having led them to remain contented with a mea- 
sure, which, to a certain extent, would benefit their stocks; 
but which must also as certainly be considered a sacrifice of 
the high-bred female in question. Such persons have intro- 
duced a cow so acquired, to a bull, inferior in point of de- 
scent, and general good qualities; and the offspring has proved 
superior to the sire, by virtue of the dam's excellence, to 
which by certain degrees it would approximate; and thus has 
arisen an opinion that particular females, also, possessed the 
property of impressing their characteristics upon the off- 
spring. 

THAT HIGH BLOOD, OR, IN OTHER WORDS, 
THAT ANIMALS LONG AND SUCCESSFULLY SE- 
LECTED, AND BRED WITH A VIEW TO PARTI- 
CULAR QUALIFICATIONS, IMPRESS THEIR DE- 
SCENDANTS IN THE MANNER HERE INTI- 
MATED, is a fact too well established in experience to be 
overthrown by any of the chance exceptions which may, no 
doubt, be taken against this, as well as against other rules; 
and TO HIGH BLOOD it is, that the writer ascribes the 
quality, whether in the male or female parent, which the 
Highland Society has been desirous to assign correctly; and 
he is not without a hope that it will be thought he has shown 
in as satisfactory a manner as a case, where much must de- 
pend on conjecture, will admit of, how it has happened that 
the opinions prevalent on this subject ever came to be enter- 
tained. 



Breeding — Crossing — effects. 

The next object will be to support his opinion by the evi- 
dence which certain facts present, as he thinks, conclusively 
in its favour. 

The blood stallion, Militiaman, covered several seasons at 
Bromyard, in Herefordshire. His colts were generally of a 
chesnut colour, and partook in a striking degree of his pecu- 
liar form. He was consequently pointed out as a horse im- 
pressing his stock with his own characteristics; and instanced 
as a proof of the existence of this peculiarity in the male. 
But it should be remarked, that in no district, where a tole- 
rable number of colts are bred, are worse mares to be found 
than around Bromyard. They are promiscuously and ill- 
bred, and deficient in good form and character. Militiaman 
is a chesnut horse, bred from a tribe also principally chesnut. 
Is it then surprising that this horse, crossed with mares desti- 
tute of characteristic features, and bred in such a manner as 
to possess no predisposition to any particular form or colour, 
should impress his colts with his own peculiarities, derived 
from breed, or particular descent. -* It is presumed that no 
other result could reasonably be anticipated. 

Mr. John Ileming, of Acton Beauchamp, Worcestershire, 
had for some years a stock of common Hereford cows, of red 
colour, with white faces, which uniformly produced calves of 
the same colour. To this stock Mr. Heming used a bull, of 
the improved breed, one season only. The consequence 
was, that the bull's marks, dark spots on the face, appeared 
in almost all his calves, and are prevalent in his descendants, 
to the present day. Mr. Heming's originals were indiscri- 
minately collected, and deficient in breed or uniformity of 
characteristic, except in the white face. They were gene- 
rally improved by the introduction of the well-bred bull; and 
his breed, it is suggested, manifested its influence by the man- 
ner in which he conferred his peculiar colour. 

Mr. Woodward, of Birlingham, Worcestershire, purchased 
twelve deep-milking Yorkshire cows, without pretensions to 
breed, or disposition to fatten. With these cows he used a 
high-bred Hereford bull, and in the produce lost the disposi- 
tion to rnilk, acquiring that of laying on fat. In a similar 
experiment with the same cows and another Hereford bull, in 
the following year, he experienced precisely the same results. 
Comment is hardly necessary on these strong cases. 

The writer has been some years in possession of an im- 
proved breed of pigs, which arc chiefly of a sandy or brown 
colour. His sows of this breed, crossed with common coun- 
try boars, almost invariably produce litters of their own co- 
lour. Size only has been obtained by the cross. The same 
results have followed the use of his boars with country sows ; 



Breeding — Influence of Dam and Sire. * "^ 

but the fact which speaks most forcibly for his argument is, 
that a litter of pigs from one of these half-bred sows, by a 
high-bred boar, he is now using, of a white tribe, are all 
white; blood thus strikingly evincing its efficacy in confer- 
ring characteristic traits. 

The writer's brother was also lately in possession of well- 
bred pigs, whose peculiarity consisted in a short pricked ear. 
The produce of these pigs, when crossed with the large pen- 
dent-eared swine of North Wales, was invariably similar in 
the ear to the better-bred animal, whether male or female. 

Hitherto, the instances and arguments adduced have been 
confined to the structure, or external marks of animals, and if 
a satisfactory conclusion may be drawn respecting these, the 
question proposed by the Highland Society as to disposition, 
must be involved in it. A brief remark shall therefore suf- 
fice, offered more with a view to show that opinions are very 
erroneously entertained on this subject, than from a convic- 
tion that the proceeding is necessary. 

The writer has known many tribes of animals disposed to 
break from their pastures, and has consequently heard it as- 
serted that particular cows conferred the disposition on their 
offspring. Now, the fact is, this was no matter of disposi- 
tion at all, but was a consequence of the animals in question 
having very thin hides, which rendered them impatient of 
heat and the attack of flies. It is thus too frequently that, 
for want of due attention, effects are ascribed to wrong causes. 

To suppose that either the male or female parent possess 
an independent inherent propensity to impress their off- 
spring, is to embarrass the pursuit of breeding in no trifling 
degree. Most persons can judge of the fitness of that pro- 
ceeding which aims to improve the produce of an inferior 
animal by the introduction of one superior. That like will 
produce like, or, that, in ordinary instances, two good ani- 
mals will breed a third good one, appears probable to every 
capacity, from a consideration of very common principles, 
notwithstanding admitted exceptions to general rules. But 
to suppose that an independent sexual ability exists in either 
male or female, appears calculated to unsettle the doctrines of 
skilful men, and to lead to the adoption, in their stead, of 
opinions unsupported by a reference to any known princi- 
ples, leaving very important interests to the dangerous con- 
duct of a blind guide. 

If it could be proved that stock are more susceptible of im- 
provement from the male parent, the question then would be, 
how is a male, possessing the requisites, to be obtained? 
Surely it will not be replied, that his being begotten by such 
a male would alone be sufficient, without the possession of 
excellence on the dam's side. It is possible that a good male 



Breeding — Pedigree essen Hal. 

may beget a son equally good as himself in externals^ from 
an ill-bred bad female, but it is certain that such son will 
prove comparatively an inferior stock-getter, it being an es- 
tablished fact that animals 6reef/ hack in point of resemblance, 
and it is therefore considered necessary, for the object of im- 
provement or to retain excellence, to have a pedigree as little 
dubious as possible, for several generations. SO IMPOR- 
TANT, INUEF:D, is this fact of correct DE- 
SCENT, THAT MANY BREEDERS, WHO HAVE, 
FROM CAUSES WHICH IT IS DIFFICULT TO AS- 
CERTAIN, A WELL-BRED ANIMAL OF DEFEC- 
TIVE FORM, VENTURE TO USE HIM, RELYING 
ON HIS BLOOD, AND EXPERIENCE NO REASON 
FOR REGRET THAT THEY HAVE DONE SO. But 
what, in such circumstances, is the mode of proceeding? Is 
such male used indiscriminately to all the females, or is it 
considered necessary to check his tendency towards defective 
form, by good points counteracting in the females? Un- 
doubtedly such care is taken, and thus the system of judi- 
ciously counteracting defects on either side, whether male or 
female, is successfully practised, in preference to one adopted 
on the belief of the existence of an independent sexual capa- 
bility. 

It has already been remarked, that the great improvement 
made during late years in our breeds of stock, has tended 
greatly to promote the agitation of the question at issue. This 
is easily accounted for. Various circumstances have combined 
to rouse the attention of farmers to the unprofitable state of 
their stocks. The consequence has been, that well-bred males 
have been resorted to, and the produce of the first cross has 
so far exceeded the most sanguine hopes, taking its character 
in externals, as well as in positive utility, in a great measure 
from the well-bred male, that new advocates for the opinion 
in his favour have thus been added to the number which pre- 
viously existed. 

A reference to the stock of any professional bull breeder 
would serve to show how erroneous is the opinion founded on 
such grounds. It would there be seen that, upon the whole, 
the produce of different years are subject to but little fluctua- 
tion in point of excellence, supposing the requisite skill to be 
practised by the breeder. The system of crossing the diffe- 
rent males and females being correctl}- understood, and above 
all, the females also being well-bred, the standard of excel- 
lence is supported wit'i tolerable uniformity; and though oc- 
casionally an extraordinary animal makes its appearance, none 
of the effects are ap])arcnt which excite surprise when the 
male only, or female, happens to be well-bred. Contrast this 
state of things with that which n^ill be apparent in the infp- 



Breeding — High Blood prcdominales. 

rior stock, to improve which the well-bred bull is put in re- 
quisition. There it is that the produce astonishes, for there 
the sire impresses characteristics peculiarly his own. If it 
be inquired, why he does so? The answer is easy, for the 
reason is obvious. His excellencies are the accumulated ac- 
quisitions of many ancestors; they are positive, and in com- 
parison fixed; while the cows, with which he has been used, 
possess little or no character, and have been bred without re- 
gard to any point, but the production of animals to increase 
the stock upon the farm. 

It is conceived that a few facts in corroboration of this rea- 
soning may be here appropriately introduced. They will be 
derived from the history of the Improved Short-Horns, a 
breed of cattle with which the writer happens to be best ac- 
quainted. 

Mr. Colling's bull. Comet, impressed the generality of his 
stock with his own peculiar traits in so remarkable a degree, 
that it was easy for a stranger to select them from a great 
number of animals. But in Comet, it should be remembered, 
centered what was called the best blood, and it ought to be 
remarked, that, at that period, good short-horns were not 
very numerous; and Comet, except in his owner's and Mr. 
Charge's stocks, was introduced to cows comparatively infe- 
rior. It is not, therefore, singular that from such a bull a 
stock very superior to the dams should spring; but in Mr. 
Colling's own stock, where the cows were also superior, and 
in Mr. Charge's, to which the same remark applies, no such 
striking effects followed the use of this bull. The cows pos- 
sessed positive characteristics, the effect of improved breed- 
ing, as well as Comet; and if his traits did predominate in a 
more than usual degree in the offspring, it was principally 
only where the cows bore a near affinity to him. The same 
remarks are applicable to Major, a son of Comet. With 
well-bred cows he proved himself a good bull, but it was 
when he came to be used with inferior cows that his excel- 
lence, as a stock-getter, was fully revealed; but his merit in 
this respect is well known. High breed here again predomi- 
nated in the usual extraordinary manner, for Major was by 
Comet out of the celebrated Cow-Lady, all whose produce 
sold at prices so high, as strongly to evince how they were 
regarded in public estimation. Here then existed positive 
qualities, transmitted by descent, on the bull's side, before 
which the indeterminate character of ill-bred cows gave way; 
and it led to the production of a race better than the females, 
an improvement to be ascribed to Major's blood, and not to 
any sexual superiority. The same remarks may be made as 
to Western Comet, a son of Major, out of a capital cow of 
Mr. Charge's, All his stock were mdst excellent, but the 



Pedigree tnust have the support of excellence. 

bull's breeding was most pre-eminently evinced in his de- 
scendants from ordinary cows. Tims it appears that when a 
male and female are equally well bred, and of nearly equal 
individual excellence, it is not probable that their produce 
will exhibit any general proof of a preponderating power, in 
either parent, to impress peculiar characteristics. But should 
the contrary appear to be the case, upon diligent inquiry it 
will seldom fail to be ascertained, that peculiar characteristics 
have been derived from ancestors, which, under certain cir- 
cumstances of contact or crossing, have become prominent 
features in the offspring. A simple case will illustrate this 
remark. Suppose the ancestors of a bull in the third or fourth 
generation, to have possessed defective shoulders, but that 
defect not to exist in himself, in consequence of close atten- 
tion to this point on the part of his breeder. Cross such bull 
with a cow defective in her shoulders, and, probably, the de- 
fect will exist in the offspring in an increased degree, and 
will obtain for the dam the character of breeding a produce 
similar to herself. Whereas, in fact, this is an injudicious 
cross, made in ignorance or disregard of the facts that animals 
bt^eed back; that they possess a greater tendency to defect 
than to perfection ; and that the only safe mode of breeding 
is that of strictly scrutinizing the pretensions of ancestors. 

With regard to the bulls which have been instanced, Comet, 
Major, and Western Comet ; had they been bred from cows 
of very inferior blood, although they might have possessed 
excellent form, with other good qualities, experience assures 
us that they could rot have deserved regard as sires. Comet's 
sons, from well-bred cows, begot good animals; but such as 
were descended from inferior females, left no reputation be- 
hind them, but as so7is of Comet. 

In order tliat the foregoing reasoning may be understood, 
and a ver^"^ common and fatal error guarded against, it is 
thought necessary to explain, as to the terms high-blood and 
highly-bred, that the writer does not me^n to attach unme- 
rited value to mere pedigree, unsupported by solid preten- 
sions to excellence; he would only recommend to public es- 
timation, that long descent from animals all individually pos- 
sessed of valuable qualities, which qualities are prominent in 
their descendants. 

If what has been advanced shall appear to be founded in 
reason, then, it is submitted, that, with our present stock of 
information on this subject, one only rational course of pro- 
ceeding can be adopted by breeders, viz. that of resorting to 
the best males; at once a simple and efficacious mode of im- 
proving such stocks as require improvement, and the sole 
mode by which stocks., already good, can be preserved iu 
their excellence. 



OF 

MR. POWEL'S 

SELECTED EXPRESSLY FOR DAIRY PURPOSES, 

BY MR. COATES, 

The keeper of the Herd Book, and one of the oldest and most celebrated 
breeders in Great Britain, 

To luliom a stmiding order had been given to obtain the best animals, and 
■without liviitation as to price, luhen they could be procured from Mr. Whit- 
aker's folcL 

[The following animals can be traced in the Herd Book.] 



XIXA£COLBX, 

ImjDorted in 1825, calved in 1S23 (bred by J. 
Whitaker, Esq.) got by Enchanter, dam Western 
Lady,* by Western Comet; g. d. by Western 
Comet; gr. g. d. by Western Comet; gr. gr. g. d. by 
Western Comet ; gr. gr. gr. g. d. Haughton, 

Enchanter, light grizzle (bred by Mr. T. Bates) got by His 
Grace, dam Fairy (bred by Mr. Hustler) by Duke ; 
g. d. Old DAisyt by Favourite, the sire of Comet; 
gr. g. d. by Punch ; gr. gr. g. d. by Hubback. 

Western Comet (bred by Mr. Charge) got by Mr. C. Col- 
ling's Major, dam Gentle Kitty, by Mr. Charge's 
Grey Bull; g. d. by Favourite. 

Hubback, calved in 1777 (bred by Mr. John Hunter) got by 
Snowden's Bull, dam (from the stock of Sir James 
Pennyman, and these from the stock of Sir William 
St. Quintin, of Scampston) by a bull of Mr. Banks of 
Hurworth ; g. d. bought of Mr. Stephenson of Ketton. 

His Grace (bred by Mr. Bates) got by Ketton the Second, 
dam Duchess the Second, by Ketton the First, g. 

* Western Lady gave 28 quarts per day. 
f Old Daisy gave 32 cjuarls per day. 



MalcoLni's Pedigree traced in Ihc Herd Book. 

(1. Duchess* the First (bred by Mr. C. Colling) by 
Comet; gr. g. d. by Favourite; gr. gr. g. d. by 
Daisy Bull; gr. gr. gr. g. d. by Favourite; gr. gr. 
gr. gr. g. d. by Hubback; gr. gr. gr. gr. gr. g. d. 
by James Brown's Red Bull. 

Duke, by Comet, dam Duchess by Favourite; g. d. by 
Daisy; gr. g. d. by Favourite: gr. gr. g. d. by 
Hubback; gr. gr. gr. g. d. by James Brown's Red 
Bull. 

Favourite, the sire of Comet, by Bolingbrokc, dam Phocnix 
by Foljambe; g. d. Favourite, by R. Alcock's 
Bull ; gr. g. d. by Smith's Bull; gr. gr. g. d. by Jol- 
ly's Bull. 

Punch (bred by Mr. R. Colling) got by Broken Horn, dam 
by Broken Horn; g. d. bred by Mr. Best. 

Major (bred by Mr. C. Colling) got by Comet, dam Lady, 
b}' Grandson of Bolingbroke; g. d. Phocnix by 
Foljambe; gr. g. d. Favourite (bred by Mr. 
Maynard) by R. Alcock's Bull. 

Grey Bull (bred by Mr. Charge) got by Favourite, dam 
Fleck'd Lady, by Young Bartle ; g. d. First Lady, 
byBartle; gr. g. d. Old Simmon, descended from the 
SruDLEY Bull. 

Snowdcji^s Bull (bred by Mr. George Snowden) got by Mr. 
William Robson's Bull (bred by Mr. Waistell, near 
Darlington) dam Barforth. 

kVilliani Bobsp7i's Bull (or Waistell's Bull) got by Mr. 
James Masterman's Bull. 

James Mastcrmaris Bull (bred by Mr. Walker) got by the 
Studlky bull. 

* Mr. C Colliiip remarked "Uie Duchess ami ))ar.y tribes were all good 
milkers." (Bcni/'s I'nmphUl.) 



Malcolm's Pedigree. 

Ketton the Second, got by Ketton the First, dam by Grandson 
of Favourite; g. d. by Mr. James Brown's red bull. 

Ketton the Fh^st, got by Favourite; d. (g. d. of Old 
Duchess) by the Daisy Bull (by Favourite) g. 
d. by Favourite; gr. g. d. by Hubback; gr. gr. 
g. d. by Mr. James Brown's red bull. 

Comet* (sold for 1000 guineas) red and white roan, calved in 
1804 (bred by Mr. C. Colling) got by Favourite, 
dam Young Phoenix, by Favourite ; g. d. Phoenix 
by Foljambe; gr. g. d. Favourite, (bred by Mr. 
Maynard) by Mr. R. Alcock's bull ; gr. gr. g. d. by 
Mr. Jacob Smith's bull ; gr. gr. gr. g. d. by Mr. 
Jolly's bull. 

James Brown's red bull (bred by Mr. John Thompson of 
Girlington Hall) got by Mr. William Barker's bull. 

Daisy bull (bred by Mr. C. Colling) got by Favourite, 
dam by Punch; g. d. by Hubback. 

Bolingbroke, red and white, calved Nov. 12, 1788 (bred by 
Mr. Charles Colling) got by Foljambe, dam Young 
Strawberry (bred by Mr. Maynard) by Dalton 
Duke; g. d. Favourite (bred by Mr. Maynard) by 
Mr. R. Alcock's Bull; gr. g. d. by Mr. Jacob 
Smith's Bull ; gr. gr. g. d. by Jolly's bull. 

Foljambe, white with a few red spots, calved in 1787 (bred 
by C. Colling) got by Richard Barker's bull, dam 
Haughton, the gr. gr. gr. gr. gr. g. d. of Malcolm 
(bred by Mr. Alexander Hall) by Hubback; g. d. by 
a bull of Charles Colling; gr. g. d. by Waistell's 
bull ; gr. gr. g. d. Tripes, bred by C. Pickering. 

* See Bailey's Survey of Durham, and Strickland's Survey of Yorkshire, 
for the British Board of Agriculture. 



Gloucester's Pedigree traced in the Herd Book. 

R. ^Icock's bull, bred by Jackson. 

Broken Horn, red roan, calved in 1787 (bred by Mr. R. 
Colling) got by Hubback, dam by Hubback; g. d. 
bred by Mr. Watson. 

Grandson of Bolingbroke (bred by C, Colling) got by 
O'Callaghan's Son of Bolingbroke, dam Old Johanna, 
by CoUing's Lame Bull. 

Bartle (bred by Mr. Charge) got by Dalton Duke, dam de- 
scended from the Studley White Bull. 

William Barker's bull, yellow, red, and white, got by 
Lakeland's son of the Studley bull. 

Dalton Duke, red and white (bred by Mr. Charge) got by 
Mr. W. Dobson's bull, dam by the Studley bull. 

Richard Barker's bull, sire of Foljambe, calved in 1784, 
got by Mr. Hill's red bull, dam by a son of Lake- 
land's bull. Lakeland's bull by the Studley bull. 

O'Callaghan's So?i of Bolingbroke, red and white, got by 
Bolingbroke, dam a red poll'd Galloway cow. 

Lame Bull (bred by Mr. George Best — got by James 
Brown's White Bull. 

Hill's Red Bull, got by Brother of Ualton Duke, dam red 
cow. 

James Brown's White Bull, got by Dalton Duke. 

GLOUCESTER, 

Imported July IS^ti, calved February 2S, 1825 (bred 
by J. Whitaker, Esq.) by Frederick, dam Adela* 
(bred b}-^ Mr. Whitaker) by Orpheus; g. d. Al- 
FREDEt (bred by Mr. Hustler) by Alfred; gr. g. d. 
by Windsor; gr. gr. g. d. Old DaisyJ (bred by Mr. 

• Adela giivc with licr first calf 24 quarts per day. 
f Alfrede gave 24 quarts per day. 

'{See the liev. Henry Jiern/s Pamphlet.) 
\ Old Daisy gave 32 quarts daily. 



Gloucesic7'^s Pedigi'ee. 

C. Colling) by Favourite; gr. gr. gr. g. d. by 
Punch; gr. gr. gr. gr. g. d. by Hubback. 
Frederick, roan (bred by Mr. Charge) got by Hulton, dam 
Orbit, by Comet; g. d. Splendor by Comet; gr. g. 
d. Flecked Twin by Major; gr. gr. g. d. Red Sim- 
mon by Favourite; gr. gr. gr. g. d. Flecked Simmon 
by Bartle; gr. gr. gr. gr. g. d. Old Simmon (bred by 
Mr. Charge) descended from the Studley White 

BULL.* 

Orpheus (bred by Mr. Booth) got by Mr. C. Colling's Al- 
bion, dam by Lame Bull; g. d. by R. Colling's Su- 
vvarrow. 
^lfred\ (bred by Mr. C. Colling) got by Comet, dam Venus 

by Ben; g. d. PnoeNix by Foljambe: gr. g. d. 

Favourite^ (bred by Mr. Maynard) by R. Alcock's 

bull. 
Windsor (bred by Mr. C. Colling) got by Favourite, dam 

Venus by Ben ; g. d. PnoeNix by Foljambe; gr. 

g. d. Favourite, by R. Alcock's Bull; gr. gr. g. d. 

by Smith's Bull; gr. gr. gr. g. d. Strawberry, by 

Jolly's Bull. 
Favourite, the sire of Comet, by Bolingbroke, dam Phosnix 

by Foljambe, g. d. Favourite, by R. Alcock's 

bull; gr. g. d. by Smith's bull; gr. gr. g. d. by Jol- 
ly's bull. 
Punch (bred by Mr. R. Colling) got by Broken Horn, dam 

by Broken Horn ; g. d. bred by Mr. Best. 
Hubback, calved in 1-777 (bred by Mr. John Hunter) got by 

Snowden's bull, dam (from the stock of Sir James 

* It is considered expedient to trace the pedigrees of the imported ani- 
mals on the male side— hence, where the same males occur in subsequent 
pedigrees, repetition is unavoidable, to make the descent evident, to persons 
who are not familiar with the subject. 

f For Alfred 200 guineas were refused, 

4 Favourite, the dam of Comet. 



Gloucester's Pedigree. 

Pennyman, and these from the stock of Sir William 
St. Quintin, of Scampston) by a bull of Mr. Banks 
of Hurvvorth ; g. d. bought of Mr. Stephenson of 
Ketton. 

Hulton (bred by Mr. Charge) got by Newton, dam Meteor 
by Comet; g. d. Best Twin, by Favourite; gr. g. 
d. Flecked Simmon, by Bartle; gr. gr. g. d. Old 
Simmon. 

Comet (sold for 1000 guineas) red and white roan, calved in 
1804 (bred by Mr. C. Colling) got by Favourite, 
dam Young Phoenix, by Favourite; g. d. Phoenix 
b}^ Foljambe; gr. g. d. Favourite, (bred by Mr. 
Maynard) by Mr. R. Alcock's bull; gr. gr. g. d. by 
Mr. Jacob Smith's bull; gr. gr. gr. g. d. by Mr. 
Jolly's bull. 

Major (bred by Mr. C. Colling) got by Comet, dam Lady 
by Grandson of Bolingbroke ; g. d. Phobnix by 
Foljambe; gr. g. d. Favourite (bred by Mr. 
Maynard) by R. Alcock's bull. 

Barth (bred by Mr. Charge) got by Dalton Duke, dam de- 
scended from the Studley White Bull. 

Studley White Bull, got by the Studley Bull, bred by 
Mr. Sharter of Chilton. 

Mbion, light roan, calved April IS, 1810 (bred by Mr. C. 
Colling, propertyof Mr. Booth); got by Comet, dam 
Beauty by Marske; g. d. Miss Washington. 

Lame Bull (bred by Mr. Booth) got by Mr. Booth's Sir 
Henry, dam Old Gaudy, by Mr. R. Ceiling's Su- 
warrow ; g. d. by Mr. Booth's Son of the Twin Bro- 
ther of Ben ; gr. g. d. by Twin Brother of Ben. 

Sutvarroiv (bred by Mr. R. Colling) got by Styford, dam by 
Favourite. 



Gloueester's Pedigree. 

Ben, red, (bred by Mr. R. Colling) got by Punch ; dam by 

Foljanibe ; g. d. by Hubback. 
Foljambe, white with a few red spots, calved in 1787 (bred 

by C. Colling) got by Richard Barker's bull, dam 

Haughton (bred by Mr. Alexander Hall) by Hub- 
back; g. d. by a bull of Charles Colling; gr, g. d. 

by Waistell's bull; gr. gr. g. d. Tripes, bred by C. 

Pickering. 
R. Alcock's bull, bred by Jackson. 
Bolingbroke, red and white, calved Nov. 12, 17SS (bred by 

Mr. Charles Colling) got by Foljambe, dam Young 

Strawberry (bred by Mr. Maynard) by Dalton Duke; 

g. d. Favourite (bred by Mr. Maynard) by Mr. 

R. Alcock's bull ; gr. g. d. by Mr. Jacob Smith's 

bull; gr. gr. g. d. by Jolly's bull. 
Broken Horn, red roan, calved in 1787 (bred by Mr. R. 

Colling) got by Hubback, dam by Hubback; g. d. 

bred by Mr. Watson. 
Newton (bred by Mr. Charge) got by Comet, dam Fanny, 

by Mr. Charge's Grey bull ; g. d. Lady Short-Tail 

by Johannot; gr. g. d. Second Lady by Favourite; 

gr. gr. g. d. First Lady by Bartle; gr. gr. gr. g. d. 

Old Simmon. 
Grandson of Bolingbroke (bred by C. Colling) got by 

O'Callaghan's son of Bolingbroke, dam old Johanna, 

by Colling's Lame Bull. 
Marske (bred by Mr. C. Colling) got by Favourite. 
Sir Henry, red, (bred by Mr. Booth) got by Suwarrow, dam 

by Mr. Booth's son of the Twin Brother of Ben ; g. 

d. by Twin Brother of Ben. 

Twin Brother of Ben, red and white (bred by Mr. R. Col- 
ling) got by Punch, dam by Foljambe ; gr. g. d. by 
Hubback. 



Bolivar\s Pedigree traced in the Herd Book. 



'v-» 



Styford (bred by Mr. R. Colling) got by Favourite, dam 
by Punch ; g. d. by Foljambe ; gr. g. d. by Hub- 
back. 

Richard Barker's bull, sire of Foljambe, calved in 1784, 
got by Mr. Hill's red bull, dam by a son of Lake- 
land's bull. Lakeland's bull by the Studley bull. 

Dalton Duke, red and white (bred by Mr. Charge) got by 
Mr. W. Dobson's bull, dam by the Studley bull. 

Grey Bull (bred by Mr. Charge) got by Favourite, dam 
Fleck'd Lady, by Young Bartle; g. d. First Lady, 
byBartle; gr. g. d. Old Simmon, descended from the 
Studley bull. 

O'Callaghan's Son of Bolinghroke, red and white, got by 
Bolingbroke, dam a red poll'd Galloway cow. 

Bed Bull, got by brother of Dalton Duke, dam red cow. 

Johannot (bred by C. Colling) got by Mr. C. Colling's 
Cupid. 

Cupid, calved in 1799 (bred by Mr. C. Colling) got by Mr. 
C. Colling's Son of Favourite, dam Venus by Ben; 
g. d. Phoenix by Foljambe; gr. g. d. Favourite (bred 
by Mr. Maynard) by Alcock's bull. 

BOLIVAR, 

Imported Nov. 1826, calved May 5, 1825 (bred by J. 
Whitaker, Esq.) got by Frederick; dam Sweet- 
heart by Hermit; g. d. Buxom by Lawnsleeves; gr. 
g. d. Brampton by Favourite;* gr. gr. g. d. Bright 
Eyes by Favourite ; gr. gr. gr. g. d. Old Bright 
Eyes by Favourite; gr. gr. gr. gr. g. d. by Fa- 
vourite ; gr. gr. gr. gr. gr. g. d. by Punch ; gr. gr. 
gr. gr. gr. gr. g. d. by Hubback ; gr. gr. gr. gr. gr. 
gr. gr. g. d. by Snowden's bull; gr. gr. gr. gr. gr. 
* Sire of Comet. 



Bolivar^s Pedigree. 

gr. gr. gr. g. d. by Masterman's bull ; gr. gr. gr. gr. 
gr. gr. gr. gr. gr. g. d. by Waistell's bull ; Waistell's 
bull by Masterman's bull; Masterman's bull by the 
Studley bull. 

Frederick, roan (bred by Mr. Charge) got by Hulton, dam 
Orbit by Comet; g. d. Splendour by Comet; gr. g. 
d. Flecked Twin by Major; gr. gr. g. d. Red Sim- 
mon by Favourite; gr. gr. gr. g. d. Flecked Simmon 
by Bartle; gr. gr. gr. gr. g. d. Old Simmon (bred 
by Mr, Charge) descended from the Studley 
WHITE bull. 

Hermit, roan (bred by Mr. Baker) got by Lawnsleeves, dam 
Manuscript by Simon: g. d, by Daisy; gr. g. d. by 
Duke ; gr. gr. g. d. by Bolingbroke. 

Lawnsleeves, got by C. Colling's Surplice; dam by George; 
g. d. by Simon, out of Mr. Smith's old cow. 

Favourite, the sire of Comet, by Bolingbroke, dam Phcenix 
by FoLJAMBE ; g. d. Favourite, by R. Alcock's 
bull; gr. g. d. by Smith's bull; gr. gr. g. d. by 
Jolly's bull. 

Punch (bred by Mr. Jl. Colling) got by Broken Horn, dam 
by Broken Horn ; g. d. bred by Mr; Best. 

Hubback, calved in 1777 (bred by Mr. John Hunter) got by 
Snowden's bull, dam (from the stock of Sir James 
Pennyman, and these from the stock of Sir William 
St. Quintin, of Scampston) by a bull of Mr. Banks 
of Hurworth; g. d. bought of Mr. Stephenson of 
Ketton. 

Siiowden's bull, the sire of Hubback, bred by Mr. George 
Snowden, got by Robson's bull. 

Mastermaji^s bull, by the Studley bull. 

WaisteWs bull by Masterman's bull. 



BoUvar^s Pedigree. 

Shnon, got by Favourite, dam by Punch; g. d. by Bo- 

lingbroke. 
Daisy hull (bred by Mr. C. Colling) got by Favourite, 

dam by Punch; g. d. by Hubback. 
Duke by Comet, dam Duchess* by Favourite; g. d. by 

Daisy; gr. g. d. by Favourite; gr. gr. g. d. by 

Hubback; gr. gr. gr. g. d. by James Brown's red 

BULL. 

Bolingbroke, red and white, calved Nov. 12, 1788 (bred by 
Mr. Charles Colling) got by Foljambe, dam Young 
Strawberry (bred by Mr. Maynard) by Dalton 
Duke; g. d. Favourite (bred by Mr. Maynard) 
by Mr. R. Alcock's bull; gr. g. d. by Mr. Jacob 
Smith's bull ; gr. gr. g. d. by Jolly's bull. 

Surplice (bred by C. Colling) got by Favourite, g. d. 
Phobnix by Foljambe ; gr. g. d. Favourite, by 
Alcock's bull. 

George (bred by Mr. C. Colling) got by Comet, dam Lady 
by Grandson of Bolingbroke; g. d. Phoinix by 
Foljambe; gr. g. d. Favourite (bred by Mr. May- 
nard) by Alcock's bull. 

Comet (sold for 1000 guineas) red and white roan, calved in 
1804 (bred by Mr. C. Colling) got by Favourite, 
dam Young Phoenix, by Favourite ; g. d. Phoenix 
by Foljambe; gr. g. d. Favourite, (bred by Mr. 
Maynard) by Mr. R. Alcock's bull; gr. gr. g. d. by 
Mr. Jacob Smith's bull ; gr. gr. gr. g. d. by Mr. 
Jolly's bull. 

James Browii's red bull (bred by Mr. John Thompson of 
Girlington Hall) got by Mr. William Barker's bull. 

* " From the Daisys, Uuchosscs and Wildairs, the best milkers have 
descended." 



Lady Betty'' s Pedigree traced in the Herd Book. 

Foljambe, white with a few red spots, calved in 1787 (bred 
by C- Colling) got by Richard Barker's bull, dam 
Haughton, the gr. gr. gr. gr. gr. g. d. of Malcolm 
(bred by Mr. Alexander Hall) by Hubback ; g. d. 
by a bull of Charles Colling; gr. g. d. by VVaistelFs 
bull ; gr. gr. g. d. Tripes, bred by C. Pickering. 

R. Aleock's bull, bred by Jackson. 

Grandson of Bolingbroke (bred by C. Collin.g) got by 
O'Callaghan's Son of Bolingbroke, dam Old Johanna, 
by Colling's Lame Bull. 

IiADir BXSTTir, 

Imported in 1825 (bred by J. Whitaker, Esq.) calved 
in 1823; got by Alonzo, damWiLDAiR,* by R. Col- 
ling's Meteor; g. d. by Yarborough ; gr. g. d. by 
Styford; gr. gr. g. d. by Hutton's bull, from James 
Brown's bull. 
JllonzOf calved in 1821, got by Bates' Cleveland, dam Red 
Daisy* (bred by Mr. Hustler) by R. Colling's Ma- 
jor; g. d. by Windsor; gr. g. d. Old Daisy bj' Fa- 
vourite; gr. gr. g. d. by Punch; gr. gr. gr. g. d. 
by Hubback. 

Meteor (bred by R. Colling) by Comet, dam Diana by Fa- 
vourite ; g. d. Old Wildair by Favourite; gr. 
g. d. by Ben ; gr. gr. g. d. by Hubback ; gr. gr. gr. 
g. d. by Snowden's bull; gr. gr. gr. gr. g. d. by 
Sir James Pennyman's bulL 

Yarborough (bred by Mr. C. Colling) got by Cupid, dam by 
Favourite; g. d. by Hubback. 

• Wildair and Red Daisy gave tack 32 quarts per day, {See the Jiev. 
Henry Berry's Pamphlet.) 



Lady Betty- s Pedigree. 

Styford (bred by Mr. R. Colling) got by Favourite, dam by 
Punch; g. d. by Foljambe ; gr. g. d. by Hubback. 

Hiittoii's bitll, got by a son of Bolingbroke. 

Cleveland, red and white, calved in 1S19 (bred by, and the 
property of Mr. T. Bates) got by Ketton the Third, 
dam UucHESs the First (bred by Mr. Colling) by 
Comet, g. d. by Favourite; gr. g. d. by Daisy 
bull; gr, gr. g. d. by Favourite; gr. gr. gr. g. d. 
by Hubback ; gr. gr. gr. gr. g. d. by James Brown's 
red bull. 

Major, red and white, calved in 1S13 (bred by Mr. R. Col- 
ling) got by Wellington, dam b}- Phenomenon; g. d. 
by Favourite ; gr. g. d. by Favourite. 

fVindsor (bred by Mr. C. Colling) got by Favourite, dam 
Venus by Ben; g. d. PnoeNix by Foljambe; gr. 
g. d. Favourite, by R. Alcock's bull ; gr. gr. g. d. 
by Smith's bull : gr. gr. gr. g. d. Strawberry by 
Jolly's bull. 

Favourite, the sire of Comet, by Bolingbroke; dam Piioesix 
by Foljambe, g. d. Favourite, by R. Alcock's 
bull; gr. g. d. by Smith's bull ; gr. gr. g. d. by Jol- 
ly's bull. 

Punch (bred by Mr. R. Colling) got by Broken Horn, dam 
by Broken Horn ; g. d. bred by Mr. Best. 

Iluhback, calved in 1777 (bred b^-JNIr. John Hunter) got by 
Snowden's bull, dam (from the stock of Sir James 
Penn3man, and these from the stock of Sir William 
St. Quintin of Scampston) by a bull of Mr. Banks of 
Hurworth ) g. d. bought of Mr. Stephenson of Ket- 
ton. 

Comet (sold for lOOO guineas) red and uliite roan, calved in 



Lady Betty''s Pedigree. 

1804 (bred by Mr. C, Colling) got by Favourite, 
dam Young Phoenix, by Favourite; g. d. Phoenix 
by Foljambe; gr. g. d. Favourite, (bred by Mr. 
Maynard) by Mr. R. Alcock's bull ; gr. gr. g. d. by 
Mr. Jacob Smith's bull; gr. gr. gr. g. d. by Mr. Jol- 
ly's bull. 

i?e/?, red, (bred by Mr. R. Colling) got by Punch; dam by 
Foljambe; g. d. by Hubback. 

Sjioiodeii's bull, got by Robson's bull; Robson's bull by 
Masterman's bull; Masterman's bull by the Studley 

BULL. 

Cttpid, calved in 1799 (bred by Mr. C. Colling) got by Mr. 
C. CoUing's Son of Favourite, dam Venus by Ben; 
g. d. Phoenix by Foljambe; gr. g. d. Favourite (bred 
by Mr. Maynard) by Alcock's bull. 

0^Callagha7i's So7i of Bolmghrohe^ red and white, got by 
Bolingbroke, dam a red poll'd Galloway cow. 

Ketton the Third, red and white (bred by Mr. Bates) got 
by Ketton the Second, dam Duchess the Third, by 
Ketton the First; g. d. Duchess the First (bred by 
Mr. C, Colling) by Comet; gr. g. d. by Favour- 
ite; gr. gr. g. d. by Daisy bull ; gr. gr. gr. g. d. 
by Favourite; gr. gr. gr. gr. g. d. by Hubback; 
gr. gr. gr. gr. gr. g. d. by Mr. James Brown's red 
bull. 

Daisy bull (bred by Mr. C. Colling) got by Favourite, 
dam by Punch; g. d. by Hubback. 

James Brown's red bull (bred by Mr. John Thompson of 
Girlington Hall) got by Mr. William Barker's bull. 

fVellington, roan (bred by Mr. R. Colling) got by Comet; 
dam Wild air, by Favourite; g. d. by Ben; gr. 



Belindas Ptdigree traced in the Herd Book. 

^. d. by Hubback; gr. gr. g. d. by Snowden^s 
BULL, the sire of Hubback; gr. gr, gr. g. d. by 
Sir James Pennyman's bull. 

Phenomenon (bred by Mr. R. Colling) got by Favourite, 
dam by Ben; g. d. by Hubback; gr. g. d. by 
Snowden's bull ; gr. gr. g. d. by Sir James Pen- 
nyman's bull. 

William Bobsoh's bull by Mr. James Masterman's bull; 
Masterman's bull by the Studley bull. 

Kef ton the Second, got by Ketton the First, dam by Grandson 
of Favourite; g. d. by Mr. James Brown's red bull. 

Ketton the First, got by Favourite; d. (g. d. of Old 
Duchess) by the Daisy Bull (by Favourite) g. 
d. by Favourite; gr. g. d. by Hubback; gr. gr. 
g. d. by Mr. James Brown's red bull. 

BEZASTA, 

Imported in 1825, (bred by J. Whitaker, Esq.) calved 
in 1822; got by Barmpton, dam by Son of Welling- 
ton, out of Charlotte ; g. d. by Laird, ^^c. 

Barmpton (bred by Mr. R. Colling) got by George, dam 
Moss Rose by Favourite; g. d. Red Rose by Fa- 
vourite; gr. g. d. by Punch; gr. gr. g. d. by Fol- 
jambe; gr. gr. gr. g. d. by Hubback. 

Wellington, roan (bred by Mr. R. Colling) got by Comet, 
dam Wildair, by Favourite; g. d. by Ben; gr. 
g. d. by Hubback; gr. gr. g\ d. by Snowden's 
BULL, the sire of Hubback; gr. gr. gr. g. d. by Sir 
James Pennyman's bull. 

Laird, by Chieftain, dam Old Duchess by Daisy bull; g- 
d. by Favourite; gr. g. d. by Hubback ; gr. gr. 
g. d. by Brown's ot.h red bull. 



Forks/lire Belle's Pedigree traced m the Herd Book. 

George (bred by Mr. R. Colling) got by Favourite, dam 
Lady Grace by Favourite. 

Favourite, the sire of Comet, by Bolingbroke, dam Phqsnix 
by FoLJAMBE, g. d. Favourite, by R. Alcock's 
bull; gr. g. d. by Smith's bull; gr. gr, g. d. by Jol- 
ly's bull. 

Punch (bred by Mr. R. Colling) got by Broken Horn, dam 
by Broken Horn ; g. d. bred by Mr. Best. 

Foljambe, white with a few red spots, calved in 1787 (bred 
by C. Colling) got by Richard Barker's bull, dam 
Haughton, (bred by Mr. Alexander Hall) by Hub- 
back; g. d. by a bull of Charles Colling; gr. g. d. 
by Waistell's bull ; gr. gr. g. d. Tripes, bred by C. 
Pickering. 

Hubback, calved in 1777 (bred by Mr. John Hunter) got by 
Snowden's bull, dam (from the stock of Sir James 
Pennyman, and these from the stock of Sir William 
St. Quintin, of Scampston) by a bull of Mr. Banks 
of Hurworth; g. d. bought of Mr. Stephenson of 
Ketton. 

Chieftain (bred by Mr. Bates) got by Daisy bull. 

Daisy bull (bred by Mr. C. Colling) got by Favourite, 
dam by Punch; g. d. by Hubback. 

James BrowrCs red bull (bred by Mr. John Thompson of 
Girlington Hall) got by Mr. William Barker's bull. 

YORKSHIRE BISCKE,'^ 

Imported in 1825 (bred by J. Whitaker, Esq.) calved 
in 1824; by Frederick, dam Yarm,t by Symmetry; 

• Yorkshire Belle gained the prize for yearlings at Otley Show, England. 
i Y.irm gave 24 quarts per day. 

{See the Rev. Henrv Brrrii's Pampfilet.) 



Desdemonn'' s Pedigree traced in the Herd Book. 

g. d. by R. CoUing's Meteor ; gr. g. d. by Windsor; 
gr. gr. g. d by Grey bull. 
Frederick, roan (bred by Mr. Charge) got by Ilulton, dam 
Orbit by Comet ; g. d. Splendour by Comet ; gr. g. 
d. Flecked Twin by Major; gr. gr. g. d. Red Sim- 
mon by Favourite; gr. gr. gr. g. d. Flecked Simmon 
by Bartlc; gr. gr. gr. gr. g. d. Old Simmon (bred 
by Mr. Charge) descended from the Studley 

WHITE BULL. 

Meteor (bred by R. Colling) got by Comet, dam Diana 
by Favourite; g. d. Old Wildair by Favour- 
ite; gr. g. d. by Ben; gr. gr. g. d. by Ilubback; 
gr. gr. gr. g. d. by Snowden's bull ; gr. gr. gr. gr. g. 
d. by Sir James Pennyman's bull. 

IVindsor (bred by Mr. C. Colling) got by Favourite, dam 
Venus by Ben ; g. d. Phccnix by Foljambe; gr. 
g. d. Favourite, by R. Alcock's Bull; gr. gr. g. d. 
by Smith's Bull; gr. gr. gr. g. d. Strawberry, by 
Jolly's Bull. 

Grey Bull, got by White bull, dam by Punch; g. d. by Fol- 
jambe; gr. g. d. by Hubback. 

White Bull, got by Favourite, dam by Favourite. 

See Gloucester's pedigree, for 

Hulton, the grandsire, "j 

Cotnct. the gr. g. sire, and gr. gr. g. sire, j 

Major, the gr. gr. gr. g. sire, ^of Yorkshire Belle. 

Favourite, the gr. gn gr. gr. g. sire, | 

Bartlc, the gr. gr. gr. gr. gr. g. sire, J 

DESDEMONA, 

Imported in 1825 (bred by J. Whitaker, Esq.) calved 
in 1824; by Frederick, dam Delia by Cleveland; g. 



Desdemond's Pedigree. 

d. Red Daisy* by Major; gr. g. d. by Windsor; gr. 
gr. g. d. by Favourite; gr. gr. gr. g. d. by Punch; 
gr. gr. gr. gr. g. d. by Hubback. 
Frederick, roan (bred by Mr. Charge) got by Plulton, dam 
Orbit, by Comet; g. d. Splendor by Comet: gr. g. 
d. Flecked Twin by Major; gr. gr. g. d. Red Sim- 
mon by Favourite; gr. gr. gr. g. d. Flecked Simmon 
b}'^ Bartle; gr. gr. gr. gr. g. d. Old Simmon (bred by 
Mr. Charge) descended from the Studley White 

BULL. 

Cleveland, red and white, calved in 1819 (bred by and the 
property of Mr. T. Bates) got by Ketton the Third, 
dam Duchess the First (bred by Mr. C. Colling) by 
Comet, g. d. by Favourite ; gr. g. d. by Daisy 
BULL ; gr. gr. g. d. by Favourite ; gr. gr. gr. g. d. 
by Hubback; gr. gr. gr. gr. g. d. by Mr. James 
Brown's red bull. 

Major, red and white, calved in 1813 (bred by Mr. R. Col- 
ling) got by Wellington, dam by Phenomenon ; g. d. 
by Favourite; gr. g. d. by Favourite. 

fVindsor (bred by Mr. C. Colling) got by Favourite, dam 
Venus by Ben ; g. d. Phobnix by Foljambe; gr. 
g. d. Favourite by R. Alcock's bull ; gr. gr. g. d. 
by Smith's bull ; gr. gr. gr. g. d. Strawberry, by 
Jolly's bull. 

Favourite, the sire of Comet, by Bolingbrokc, dam Phocnix 
by Foljambe; g. d. Favourite, by R. Alcock's 
bull ; gr. g. d. by Smith's bull ; gr. gr. g. d. by 
Jolly's bull. 

• Red Daisy gave 32 quarts pet- day. {See the Rev. Hennj Berry's Pam- 
phlet.) 



P^olante\ Pedigree traced in the Herd Book. 

Punch (bred by Mr. R. Colling) got by Broken Horn, dam 
by Broken Horn ; g. d. bred by Mr. Best. 

Hubback^ calved in 1777 (bred by Mr. John Hunter) got by 
Snowden's bull, dam (from the stock of Sir James 
Pennyman, and these from the stock of Sir William 
St. Quintin, of Scampston) by a bull of Mr. Banks 
of Hurworth ; g. d. bought of Mr. Stephenson of 
Ketton. 

See Gloucester's pedigree, for 

Hultoji, the grandsire, ^ 

Comet, the gr. g. sire, and gr. gr. g. sire, | 

Major, the gr. gr. gr. g. sire, ^of Desdemona. 

Favourite, the gr. gr. gr. gr. g. sire, | 

Bartle, the gr. gr. gr. gr. gr. g. sire, J 

VOLANTS, 

Imported in July 1826 (bred by J. Whitaker, Esq.) 
calved February, 1825 ; got by Frederick, dam Viola* 
by His Grace; g. d. Venust (bred by Mr. Charge) by 
Charles CoUing's Major; gr. g. d. Venus by Grey 
bull ; gr. gr. g. d. by Favourite. 
Frederick, roan (bred by Mr. Charge) got by Hulton, dam 
Orbit by Comet; g. d. Splendor by Comet; gr. g. d. 
Flecked Twin by Major; gr. gr. g. d. Red Simmon 
by Favourite; gr. gr. gr. g. d. Flecked Simmon 
by Bartle; gr. gr. gr. gr. g. d. Old Simmon (bred by 
Mr. Charge) descended from the Studley White 

BULL. 

His Grace (bred by Mr. Bates) got by Ketton the Second, 
dam Duchess the Second, by Ketton the First, g. 

• Viola look the prize at Olley Show, England. 

f Venus, when sixteen years old, gave 26 quarts per day. i^See tht Rt\ 
Htnry Jicny's Pamphlet, } 



Annahella's Pedigree traced in the Herd Book. 

d. Duchess the First (bred by Mr. C. Colling) by 
Comet; gr. g. d. by Favourite; gr. gr. g. d. by 
Daisy Bull; gr. gr. gr. g. d. by Favourite; gr. gr. 
gr. gr. g. d. by Hubback; gr. gr. gr. gr. gr. g. d. 
by James Brown's Red Bull. 

Major (bred by Mr. C. Colling) got by Comet, dam Lady, 
by Grandson of Bolingbroke; g. d. Fhcbnix by 
Foljambe; gr. g. d. Favourite (bred by Mr. 
Maynard) by R. Alcock's Bull. 

Grey Bull (bred by Mr. Charge) got by Favourite, dam 
Fleck'd Lady, by Young Bartle; g. d. First Lady, 
byBartle; gr. g. d. Old Simmon, descended from the 
Studley bull. 

Favourite, the sire of Comet, by Bolingbroke, dam Phobnix 
by Foljambe; g. d. Favourite, by R. Alcock's 
Bull ; gr. g. d. by Smith's Bull; gr. gr. g. d. by Jol- 
ly's Bull. 

See Gloucester's pedigree for 

Hulton, the grandsire, ^ 

Comet, the gr. g. sire, and gr. gr. g. sire, | 

Major, the gr. gr. gr. g. sire, J»of Volante. 

Favourite, the gr. gr. gr. gr. g. sire, j 

Bartle, the gr. gr. gr. gr. gr. g. sire, J 

ANNABELLA, 

Imported in July, 1826, got by Peter (bred by Mr. 
Booth) dam Attraction (bred by Col. Trotter) by 
Py ramus: g. d. Aurora by Comet, gr. g. d. Mar- 
cella by Son of Favourite; gr. gr. g. d. by Son of 
Favourite ; gr, gr. gr. g. d. Hollon. 
Peter (bred by Mr. Booth) got by R. Ceiling's Pilot, dam 
by Marshal Beresford ; g. d. by Shakspeare; gr. g. 
d. by Old Easby ; gr. gr. g. d, by Suvvarrow. 



vlnnabella''s Pedigree. 

Pyratnus (bred by Col. Trotter) got by Comet, dam Anna 
Maria, by Grandson of Favourite; g. d. Strawberry 
by Son of Favourite; gr. g. d. Hollon. 

Comet. (See Malcolm's pedigree.) 

Favourite, (See Malcolm's pedigree.) 

Pilot., red and white, calved in 1817 or 18 (bred by Mr. R. 
Colling) got by Major ; dam Red Rose by Favour- 
ite; g. d. by Punch; gr. g. d. by Foljambe; gr. 
gr. g. d. by Hubback. 

Marshal Bercsford (bred by Major Bower) got by Comet, 
dam Daisy; (bred by Mr. C. Colling) g. d. Old 
Daisy; gr. g. d. by Punch; gr. gr. g. d. by Hub- 
back. 

Shaksjjeare (bred by Mr. Booth) got by Easby ; dam by 
Mr. Ceiling's Suvvarrow; g. d. by Mr. IJooth's Son 
of the Twin Brother of Ben; gr.g. d. by Twin Bro- 
ther of Ben. 

Easby, roan (bred by Mr. Booth) got by Mr. Colling's Su- 
warrow, dam Fareholme, by Mr. Booth's Son of the 
Twin Brother of Ben; g. d. by Twin Brother ol 
Ben; gr. g. d. by Twin Brother of Ben. 

Suwarrow. (See Gloucester's pedigree.) 

Major. (See Betty's pedigree.) 

IVdlington. (See Betty's pedigree.) 

Punch. (See Malcolm's pedigree.) 

Hubback. (See Malcolm's pedigree.) 

Twin Brother of Ben. (See Gloucester's pedigree.) 

Ben. (See Gloucester's pedigree.) 

Snowden's bull, the sire of Hubback (bred by Mr. George 
Snowden) got by Mr. William Robson's bull. 

Eobson's bull by Masterman's bull. 



Stately^ s Pedigree traced in the Herd Book. 

Maaterman^ s bull by the Studley bull (bred by Mr. Sharter 
of Chilton). 

STATZSLV, 

Imported in 1822, calved in 1821 (bred by Mr. 
Wetherell) got by North Star, dam Laura by Den- 
ton ; g, d. Selina, bj"- Wellington ; gr. g. d. by 
Danby. 

North Star, roan (bred by Mr. Wetherell) got by Comet, 
dam Lady (bred by Mr. Spours) by Baronet (bred 
by Mr. Mason) ; g. d. by Cripple ; gr. g. d. by 
Irishman. 

Denton (bred by Mr. Wetherell) got by Comet, dam Young 
Red Rose, by St. John ; g. d. by Trunnell ; gr. g. d. 
by Danby. 

Wellington (bred by Mr. Wetherell) got by St. John, dam 
by Trunnell ; g. d. by Danby. 

Danby (bred by Mr. Wetherell) got by Paddock, dam by 
White bull. 

Comet. (See Malcolm's pedigree.) 

Baronet, roan, got by Chilton, dam Lydia by Favourite; g. 
d. Nell by Mr. Mason's white bull ; gr. g. d. For- 
tune (bred by Mr. C. Colling) by Bolingbrojce; gr. 
gr. g. d. by Foljambe; gr. gr. gr. g. d. by Hubback; 
gr. gr. gr. gr. g. d. bred by Mr. Maynard. 

Cripple, red and white, (bred by Mr. Mason) got by Irish- 
man, dam Fortune, by Bolingbroke ; g. d. by Fol- 
jambe; gr. g. d. by Hubback; gr. gr. g. d. bred 
by Mr. Maynard. 

Irishman (bred by Mr. Mason) got by Sty ford, dam For- 
tune (bred by Mr. C. Colling) by Bolingbroke; g. d. 
by Foljambe; gr. g. d. by Hubback; gr. gr. g. d, 
bred by Mr. Maynard. 



Stately^s Pedigree. 

St. John, roan (bred by Mr. Mason) got by Favourite; 
dam Fortune, (bred by Mr. C. Colling) by Boling- 
broke; g. d. by Foljambe ; gr. g. d. by Hubback; 
gr. gr. g. d. bred by Mr. Maynard. 

Trunnell (bred by Mr. Mason) got by Favourite, dam 
Fortune by Bolingbroke; g. d. by Foljambe; gr. g. 
d. by Hubback ; gr. gr. g. d. bred by Mr. May- 
nard. 

Paddock (bred by Mr. James Brown) got by Mr. Robert 
Charge's bull (descended from the Studley breed), dam 
Mr. James Brown's red cow. 

JVhite bull. (See Malcolm's pedigree.) 

Chilton, roan, (bred by Mr. Mason) got by Favourite, 
dam Lily by Favourite ; g. d. Miss Lax (bred by 
Mr. Maynard), by Dalton Duke ; gr. g. d. Lady May- 
nard, by Alcock's bull. 

Favourite. (See Malcolm's pedigree.) 

Mr. Mason'' s white bull (bred by Mr. C. Colling) got by 
Favourite, dam Favourite (bred by Mr. May- 
nard) by Alcock's bull ; g. d. by Smith's bull ; gr. 
g. d. by Jolly's bull. 

Bolingbroke. (See Malcolm's pedigree.) 

Foljambe. (See Malcolm's pedigree.) 

Hubback. (See Malcolm's pedigree.) 

Studley bull. (See Gloucester's pedigree.) 

Simon. (See Bolivar's pedigree). 

Dalton Duke. (See Malcolm's pedigree.) 

R. Shock's bull. (See Malcolm's pedigree.) 

stately's offspring. 

Defiance, bull, calved in 1824, by Bishop, dam Stately. 

Raymond, white and roan, bull, calved in 1825, by Wye 
Comet, dam Stately. 

Pocahontas., white and roan, heifer, calved in 1826, by Mal- 
colm, dam Stately. 



Virginia's Pedigree traced in the Herd Book. 
VXRaiMTIA, 

Calred in 1821, begotten by General, dam Rosemary 
(bred by J. C. Curwen, Esq.) by Flash; g. d. Red 
Rose by Petrarch ; gr. g. d. by Alexander ; gr. gr. 
g. d. by Traveller; gr. gr. gr. g. d. by Son of Bo- 
lingbroke. 

General (bred by General Simson) got by Young Star; dam 
Queen by Bruce ; g. d. Empress by Western- 
Comet; gr. g. d. Bright Eyes by Marquis; gr. gr. 
g. d. by Simon; gr. gr. gr. g. d. by Traveller; gr. 
gr. gr. gr. g. d. by Colling's Lame bull. 

Flash (bred by Mr. Seymour) by Mr. Colling's Sir Dimple; 
dam Carnation (bred by Mr. Seymour) by Cripple; 
g. d. Moss Rose by Henry; gr. g. d. Rosebud by 
Misfortune; gr. gr. g. d. Red Rose by Favourite; 
gr. gr. gr. g. d. by Bolingbroke. 

Petrarch (bred by Mr. Charles Colling) by Comet, dam 
Venus by Ben; g. d. PHceNix by Foljambe; gr. 
g. d. Favourite by Alcock's bull; gr. gr. g. d. by 
Smith's bull; gr. gr. gr. g. d. Strawberry, by Jolly's 
bull. 

Alexander (bred by Mr. Charles Colling) by Favourite. 

Traveller, got by Bolingbroke, dam Old Blossom. 

Young Star, got by C. Colling's North Star, dam Mary 
(bred by C. Colling) by Favourite; g. d. Venus 
by Ben. 

Bruce, got by Jupiter, dam Rola. 

Western Comet. (See Malcolm's pedigree.) 

Marquis, got by Petrarch, dam by Daisy bull ; g. d. by 
Favourite; gr. g. d. by Hubback. 

Simon. (See Bolivar's pedigree.) 



flrginio's Pedigree. 

Colling^s Lame bull. (See Malcolm's pedigree.) 

Sir Bimple (bred by Mr. C. Colling) got by Comet, dam 

Daisy, by Grandson of Favourite; g. d. Old Daisy 

by Favourite; gr. g. d. by Punch; gr. gr. g. d. 

by Hubback. 
Cripple (bred by Mr. Mason) got by Irishman, dam Fortune 

(bred by Mr. C. Colling) by Bolingbroke; g. d. by 

Foljambe; gr. g. d. by Hubback; gr. gr. g. d. 

bred by Mr. Maynard. 
Henri/ (bred by Mr. Mason) got by St. John, dam Dandy by 

Favourite; g. d. Lily by Favourite; gr. g. d. 

Miss Lax (bred by Mr. Maynard) by Dalton Duke ; 

gr. gr. g. d. Lady Maynard, by Mr. R. Alcock's 

bull. 
Misfortu7ie, got by Favourite. 
Favourite. (See Malcolm's pedigree.) 
Bolingbroke. (See Malcolm's pedigree.) 
Comet. (See Malcolm's pedigree.) 
Ben. (Sec Gloucester's pedigree.) 
Foljambe. (See Malcolm's pedigree.) 
Alcock's bull. (See Malcolm's pedigree.) 
North Star (bred by Mr. C. Colling) got by Favourite, 

dam Young Phocnix by Favourite; g. d. Pnoe- 

Nix by Foljambe; gr. g. d. Favourite (bred by 

Mr. Maynard) by Alcock's bull. 
Petrarch (bred by Mr. C. Colling) got by Comet, dam 

Venus by Ben ; g. d. Phobnix by Foljambe, gr. 

g. d. Favourite (bred by Mr. Maynard) by Al- 
cock's bull. 
Daisy bull. (See Malcolm's pedigree.) 
Hubback. (See Malcolm's pedigree.) 



Burley^s and Shepherdess' Pedigrees. 

Virginia's offspring. 

Monk, red roan, bull, calved in 1824, by Bishop, dam Vir- 
ginia. 

Ohio, white and red roan, bull, calved in 1825, by Wye 
Comet, dam Virginia. 

Osage, light roan, bull, calved in 1826, by Wye Comet, dam 
Virginia. 



SHEPHERDESS, 

Imported in 1822; (bred by Mr. Champion) got by 
Magnet, dam by Prince ; g. d. by a bull of the Duke 
of Leeds. 
Magnet, got by Warrior, dam Magdalene (bred by Mr. C. 
Colling) by Comet; g. d. by Washington. 

SHEPERDESS' OFFSPRING. 

Blyth, bull, calved in 1824, by Champion, dam Shepherdess. 
Romp, heifer, calved in 1825, by Bishop, dam Shepherdess. 
Florian, red and white, bull, calved in 1826, by Wye Comet, 
dam Shepherdess. 

BURLEV, 

Calved in February, 1826, white (bred by Mr. Powel) 
begotten in England by Frederick, dam Bclina by 
Barmpton (bred by R. Colling) g. d. by Son of Wel- 
lington out of Charlotte; gr. g. d. by Laird. 

Barmpton, roan, calved in 1810 (bred by Mr. R. Colling) 
got by Mr. R. Ceiling's George, dam Moss Rose by 
Favourite; g. d. Red Rose by Favourite; gr. 
g. d. by Punch; gr. gr. g. d. by Foljambe; gr. gr. 
gr. g. d. by Hubback. 

George (bred by Mr. R. Colling) got by Favourite, dam 
Lady Grace by Favourite. 

Chieftain (bred by Mr. T, Bates) got by Daisy bull. 

For Frederick, Wellington, Laird, Favourite, Punch, 



Fairy'^ii, Bishop's; and fVye. Comet's Pedigrees. 

Foljambe, Hubback, James B7'own's red bull, 
and Daisy J see the foregoing pedigrees. 

FAIRY, 

Calved in 1820, got by Young Denton, dam Prize by 

Young Denton, g. d. Buckhorn. 
Young Denton, got by Denton, dam by Baronet, g. d. by 

Cripple ; gr. g. d. by Irishman. 
Denton, got by Comet; g. d. by St. John; gr. g. d. by Old 

Danby. 
Comet, Fairy's gr. g. sire. (See Bolivar's pedigree.) 

fairy's offspring. 

Coquette, white, heifer, calved in 1824, by Bishop, dam 

Fairy. 
Margaret, dark roan, heifer, calved in 1825, by Bishop, dam 

Fairy. 
Bichard, light roan, bull, calved in 1826, by Wye Comet, 

dam Fairy. 
James, white, bull, calved in 1826, by Malcolm, dam Fairy. 
Daphne, dark roan, heifer, calved in 1826, by Wye Comet, 

dam Coquette. 

BISHOP, 

Now possessed by J. Worth, Esq. (bred by Mr. 
Curwen in England, got by Wellington, dam Arbu- 
tus (bred by Mr. Gibson) by Harlequin ; g. d. by 
Yarborough; gr. g. d. by Duke; gr. gr. g. d. by 
Jobling's Traveller; gr. gr. gr. g. d. by Bolingbroke. 

WYE COMET, 

(Now possessed by Henry Watson, Esq. Conn.) be- 
gotten in England, by Blaize, dam White Rose by 
Warrior; g. d. by Mr. Mason's Charles; gr. g. d. 
by Prince ; gr. gr. g. d. by Neswick. 



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LIBRARY OF CONGRESS 



DODESfltiEbOD 







